Red Blood Cell (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Red Blood Cell 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of 
8 
Dedication 6
List of Contributors 14
Preface 18
Contents of Volume I 20
Chapter 15. 
24 
I. INTRODUCTION 24
II. EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS 25
III. PERMEABILITY TO WATER AND NONELECTROLYTES 40
IV. PERMEABILITY TO CHARGED SOLUTES 55
REFERENCES 106
Chapter 16. Carrier-Mediated Glucose Transport across Human Red Cell Membranes 
116 
I. INTRODUCTION 117
II. DESCRIPTION OF CARRIER MEDIATION 119
III. KINETIC MECHANISMS OF CARRIER MEDIATION 129
IV. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CARRIER MEDIATION 135
V. IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF THE CARRIER 146
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 157
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 158
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 17. 
164 
I. INTRODUCTION 165
II. STRUCTURE OF HEMOGLOBIN 165
III. DERIVATIVES OF HEMOGLOBIN 178
IV. REACTIONS OF HEMOGLOBIN 185
V. OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUILIBRIA 194
VI. SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS IN HEMOGLOBIN 
200 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 205
REFERENCES 205
Chapter 18. The Metabolism of Methemoglobin in Human 
210 
I. INTRODUCTION 211
II. DEFINITION OF METHEMOGLOBIN 211
III. HISTORICAL REVIEW 212
IV. OXIDATION OF HEMOGLOBIN TO METHEMOGLOBIN 213
V. PROTECTION AGAINST OXIDATION OF HEMOGLOBIN 214
VI. REDUCTION OF METHEMOGLOBIN TO HEMOGLOBIN 216
VII. THE METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASES OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES 219
VIII. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF METHEMOGLOBIN 227
IX. CONCLUSION 231
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 231
REFERENCES 232
Chapter 19. Interaction of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide with Hemoglobin at the Molecular Level 236
I. HEMOGLOBIN: STRUCTURAL FEATURES ESSENTIAL FOR OXYGEN TRANSPORT 236
II. 
237 
III. REGULATION OF OXYGEN AFFINITY: BOHR EFFECT AND ORGANIC PHOSPHATES 241
IV. CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT 247
V. CONCLUSION 248
REFERENCES 249
Chapter 20. 
252 
I. INTRODUCTION 253
II. ROLE OF THE BLOOD IN OXYGEN TRANSPORT AND OXYGEN DELIVERY 
253 
III. THE LINK BETWEEN BLOOD AND OXYGEN DELIVERY: THE OXYHEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE 
256 
IV. IN VIVO EVIDENCE FOR A PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF THE OXYHEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE 
264 
V. CONCLUSION 278
REFERENCES 280
Chapter 21. 
284 
I. INTRODUCTION 285
II. HEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS 286
III. TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN HEMOGLOBIN 286
IV. ACQUIRED ABNORMALITIES OF HEMOGLOBIN 306
V. SICKLE CELL HEMOGLOBIN AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER HEMOGLOBINS 
307 
VI. HEMOGLOBINS C AND E 313
VII. CONGENITAL HEINZ BODY HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS—HEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS THAT ARE UNSTABLE 
314 
VIII. ERYTHROCYTOSIS AND CYANOSIS—HEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS THAT HAVE ALTERED LIGAND AFFINITY 316
IX. RARE HEMOGLOBIN VARIANTS THAT LACK CLINICAL EXPRESSION IN THE HETEROZYGOUS STATE 
317 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 318
REFERENCES 318
Chapter 22. 
320 
I. INTRODUCTION 320
II. THE GENETICS OF THE THALASSEMIA SYNDROMES 321
III. HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN THALASSEMIA 329
IV. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE THALASSEMIA 
338 
V. SUMMARY 341
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 342
REFERENCES 342
Chapter 23. Red Cell Genetic Polymorphisms:Their Usefulness in Some Studies of Human Biology 346
I. INTRODUCTION 346
II. GENETIC POLYMORPHISM 347
III. INHERITED VARIATION IN RED CELL COMPONENTS 348
IV. BIOLOGICAL STUDIES USING GENETIC MARKERS 352
V. CONCLUSION 363
REFERENCES 363
Chapter 24. 
368 
I. INTRODUCTION 369
II. THE RED CELL IN THE BONE MARROW 369
III. THE CIRCULATING RED BLOOD CELL 371
IV. VALUES IN NORMAL MAN AND IN ANIMALS 402
V. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES WITH AGING IN CIRCULATING RED CELLS 
408 
VI. MECHANISMS OF RED CELL SEQUESTRATION 409
VII. THE CATABOLIC PRODUCTS OF RED BLOOD CELLS 409
VIII. DETERMINANTS OF THE RED BLOOD CELL LIFE SPAN 414
IX. ROLE OF THE SPLEEN 415
X. ROLE OF METABOLIC RATE 416
XI. ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBINS 417
XII. EXTRACORPUSCULAR FACTORS 418
XIII. BLOOD LOSS—IRON DEFICIENCY 419
XIV. NEOPLASTIC DISEASES 419
XV. PHYSICAL FACTORS 420
XVI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 420
REFERENCES 421
Chapter 25. Clinical Indications for Red Cells and Blood 
432 
I. INTRODUCTION 432
II. BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY 434
III. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 438
REFERENCES 440
Chapter 26. Biophysical Behavior of Red Cells in Suspensions 442
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS 443
I. BASIC RHEOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES 446
II. FLOW PROPERTIES OF WHOLE BLOOD 454
III. INFLUENCE OF CELL CONCENTRATION ON THE RHEOLOGY OF SUSPENSIONS 
460 
IV. DEFORMATION OF RED CELLS IN SUSPENSIONS 463
V. AGGREGATION OF RED CELLS IN SUSPENSIONS 486
VI. INTERACTION OF FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD VISCOSITY 505
VII. BLOOD RHEOLOGY, BLOOD FLOW, AND OXYGEN TRANSPORT 513
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN BLOOD VISCOSITY 519
IX. BLOOD RHEOLOGY IN DISEASE 522
X. SUMMARY 531
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 531
REFERENCES 532
Chapter 27. 
546 
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS 547
I. INTRODUCTION 548
II. ELECTROKINETIC THEORY 552
III. EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 572
IV. SURFACE CHARGE PROPERTIES OF RED BLOOD CELLS 592
V. ELECTROKINETIC-MEDIATED BEHAVIOR OF THE CELL WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT 
624 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 633
REFERENCES 633
Chapter 28. The Erythrocyte as a Biopsy Tissue in the Evaluation of Nutritional Status 642
I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 642
II. DIRECT EVALUATION BY ASSAY OF NUTRIENT CONTENTOF RED CELLS 643
III. INDIRECT ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS BY MEASURING THE ACTIVITY OF A VITAMIN-CONTAINING HOLOENZYME IN RED CELLS 
650 
IV. SUMMARY 653
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 654
REFERENCES 654
Chapter 29. New Knowledge of Red Cell Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Coming from the Study of Human Disease 658
I. INTRODUCTION 658
II. PURINE METABOLISM IN LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME AND GOUT 659
III. PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM IN OROTIC ACIDURIA 664
IV. 5-PHOSPHORIBOSYL-1-PYROPHOSPHATE 
667 
V. TRANSPORT OF PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES 669
REFERENCES 671
Chapter 30. 
674 
I. INTRODUCTION 675
II. BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE MALARIA PARASITES 676
III. MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MALARIA PARASITES AND THEIR RED CELL HOSTS 
690 
IV. GENETICS AND MALARIA PARASITES 698
V. CONCLUSIONS AND THE FUTURE 701
VI. APPENDIX: THE PARASITES AND THEIR GENERAL FEATURES 701
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 710
REFERENCES 710
Chapter 31. 
714 
I. INTRODUCTION 714
II. GENERAL COMMENTS 715
III. EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON RED CELL METABOLISM,FUNCTION, AND SURVIVAL 720
IV. EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON RED CELL SURVIVAL AND FUNCTION, AND ON THE RED CELL MEMBRANE 
733 
REFERENCES 742
Cumulative Index to Volumes I and II 750