Pretreatment of Biomass provides general information, basic data, and knowledge on one of the most promising renewable energy sources-biomass for their pretreatment-which is one of the most essential and critical aspects of biomass-based processes development. The quest to make the environment greener, less polluted, and less hazardous has led to the concept of biorefineries for developing bio-based processes and products using biomass as a feedstock. Each kind of biomass requires some kind of pretreatment to make it suitable for bioprocess. This book provides state-of-art information on the methods currently available for this.
This book provides data-based scientific information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment of lignocellulosic and algal biomass for further processing. Pretreatment of biomass is considered one of the most expensive steps in the overall processing in a biomass-to-biofuel program. With the strong advancement in developing lignocellulose biomass- and algal biomass-based biorefineries, global focus has been on developing pretreatment methods and technologies that are technically and economically feasible. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in methods used for the pretreatment of biomass. An entire section is devoted to the methods and technologies of algal biomass due to the increasing global attention of its use.
- Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatament processes and technologies for biomass
- Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery
- Useful for researchers intending to study scale-up
- Provides information on integration of processes and technologies for the pretreatment of biomass
Pretreatment of Biomass provides general information, basic data, and knowledge on one of the most promising renewable energy sources-biomass for their pretreatment-which is one of the most essential and critical aspects of biomass-based processes development. The quest to make the environment greener, less polluted, and less hazardous has led to the concept of biorefineries for developing bio-based processes and products using biomass as a feedstock. Each kind of biomass requires some kind of pretreatment to make it suitable for bioprocess. This book provides state-of-art information on the methods currently available for this. This book provides data-based scientific information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatment of lignocellulosic and algal biomass for further processing. Pretreatment of biomass is considered one of the most expensive steps in the overall processing in a biomass-to-biofuel program. With the strong advancement in developing lignocellulose biomass- and algal biomass-based biorefineries, global focus has been on developing pretreatment methods and technologies that are technically and economically feasible. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in methods used for the pretreatment of biomass. An entire section is devoted to the methods and technologies of algal biomass due to the increasing global attention of its use. Provides information on the most advanced and innovative pretreatament processes and technologies for biomass Covers information on lignocellulosic and algal biomass to work on the principles of biorefinery Useful for researchers intending to study scale-up Provides information on integration of processes and technologies for the pretreatment of biomass
Front Cover 1
Pretreatment of Biomass 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 8
SECTION A LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 10
Chapter 1 - Introduction 12
1.1 OVERVIEW 12
1.2 THE ROLE OF PRETREATMENT 13
1.3 METHODS OF PRETREATMENT 14
1.4 SUMMARY 15
Acknowledgment 15
References 15
Chapter 2 - Analysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Infrared Methodology 16
2.1 INTRODUCTION 16
2.2 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF IRS AND ITS APPLICATION 18
2.3 COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 19
2.4 BIOMASS ANALYSIS VIA FOURIER TRANSFORM NIRS 20
2.5 BIOMASS ANALYSIS VIA FOURIER TRANSFORM MID-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 27
2.6 CONCLUSION 29
References 29
Chapter 3 - Acidic Pretreatment 36
3.1 INTRODUCTION 36
3.2 ACID-CATALYZED REACTION OF LIGNOCELLULOSE 43
3.3 INHIBITORS AND DETOXIFICATION 45
3.4 PROCESS CONFIGURATIONS FOR ACIDIC PRETREATMENT 49
References 52
Chapter 4 - Alkaline Treatment 60
4.1 INTRODUCTION 60
4.2 TYPES OF ALKALI 62
4.3 CONDITIONS OF ALKALI PRETREATMENT 65
4.4 MECHANISM OF ALKALI PRETREATMENT 66
4.5 PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ALKALI PRETREATED BIOMASS 66
4.6 PROSPECTS AND CONSEQUENCES 67
4.7 COMMERCIALIZATION ASPECTS 68
4.8 CONCLUSION 68
Acknowledgement 68
References 68
Chapter 5 - Hydrothermal Treatment 70
5.1 INTRODUCTION 70
5.2 PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 71
5.3 HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 72
5.4 THE PROPERTIES OF HYDROLYSATE AND PRETREATED BIOMASS OBTAINED FROM HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT 72
5.5 UTILIZATION OF HYDROLYSATE AND PRETREATED BIOMASS OBTAINED FROM HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT 77
References 81
Chapter 6 - Steam Explosion 84
6.1 INTRODUCTION 84
6.2 MECHANISM 85
6.3 KEY PARAMETERS 86
6.4 OPERATION MODE 88
6.5 CHEMICAL ADDITION 91
6.6 PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIATION OF BIOMASS 92
6.7 PERSPECTIVE 105
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
Chapter 7 - Ozonolysis 114
7.1 INTRODUCTION 114
7.2 APPLICATIONS OF OZONOLYSIS 115
7.3 OZONOLYSIS CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES 118
7.4 EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS 128
7.5 CHALLENGES, POSSIBILITIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 138
References 141
Chapter 8 - Ionic Liquid Pretreatment 146
8.1 INTRODUCTION 146
8.2 IONIC LIQUIDS 146
8.3 POTENCY AS SOLVENT FOR LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 151
8.4 RECENT RESEARCH AND PRACTICES IN IL PRETREATMENT 157
8.5 IL PRETREATMENT IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER CONVENTIONAL METHODS 158
8.6 SYNTHESIS 159
8.7 TECHNOECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING COMMERCIALIZATION OF IL PRETREATMENT 160
8.8 CONCLUSIONS 161
References 161
Chapter 9 - Microwave Pretreatment 166
9.1 INTRODUCTION 166
9.2 MW APPLICATION 167
9.3 MW PRETREATMENT REACTORS 174
9.4 SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS 176
Acknowledgments 176
References 176
Chapter 10 - Torrefaction 182
10.1 INTRODUCTION 182
10.2 TORREFACTION CLASSIFICATION 183
10.3 NONOXIDATIVE TORREFACTION 183
10.4 PROPERTY VARIATION OF BIOMASS 187
10.5 OXIDATIVE TORREFACTION 195
10.6 WET TORREFACTION AND STEAM EXPLOSION 196
10.7 APPLICATIONS 197
References 198
SECTION B ALGAL BIOMASS 202
Chapter 11 - Algal Biomass: Physical Pretreatments 204
11.1 MICROALGAL BIOMASS 204
11.2 APPLICATIONS 208
11.3 POTENTIAL BIOFUEL PRODUCTS 208
11.4 PRETREATMENTS OF MICROALGAE 215
11.5 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 228
11.6 CONCLUSION AND FINAL REMARKS 231
Acknowledgments 232
References 232
Chapter 12 - Chemical Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 236
12.1 INTRODUCTION 236
12.2 CHOICE OF PRETREATMENT OF ALGAL BIOMASS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS 238
12.3 PRETREATMENTS OF ALGAL BIOMASS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL, BIOGAS, AND BIOHYDROGEN 238
12.4 PRETREATMENTS FOR LIPID EXTRACTION AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 247
12.5 RECENT APPROACHES OF BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM ALGAL BIOMASS 252
12.6 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF ALGAL PRETREATMENT 261
Acknowledgments 262
References 262
Index 268
Analysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Infrared Methodology
Abstract
Numerous energy crop species and various processing methods provide thousands of biomass samples that need quick, low-cost analysis. Infrared methodology can provide high-throughput analysis of cellulosic biomass. The conventional method for biomass analysis is time-consuming, labor-intensive and unable to provide structural information. Use of infrared spectroscopy allows qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomass samples without destruction of samples, which is beneficial for in situ or in-field measurement. Chemometric analysis is able to make calibration models robust and reliable. The progress of infrared techniques and their applications in biomass study is introduced. A comparison of infrared methods and the conventional method is also summarized. We also review recent infrared applications in biomass analysis and discuss the prospects for applications of infrared techniques.
Keywords
Biomass; Cellulose; Chemometric analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; Lignin
2.1. Introduction
FIGURE 2.1 Comparison of the compositional analysis methods for biomass (IR: infrared; MV-PLS: multivariate partial least squares regression; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; UV–Vis: ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy).
2.2. Physical Principles of IRS and Its Application
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 18.9.2014 |
---|---|
Sprache | englisch |
Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie |
Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
Technik ► Umwelttechnik / Biotechnologie | |
ISBN-10 | 0-12-800396-0 / 0128003960 |
ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-800396-1 / 9780128003961 |
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