Introduction to Environmental Geology

I. FOUNDATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY.

1. Philosophy and Fundamental Concepts.


Introduction to Environmental Geology. Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Geology.

2. Internal Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics.


Internal Structure of the Earth. What We Know about the Internal Structure of the Earth. Plate Tectonics. A Detailed Look at Seafloor Spreading. Pangaea and Present Continents. How Plate Tectonics Works: Putting it Together. Plate Tectonics and Environmental Geology.

3. Minerals and Rocks.


Minerals. Important Rock-Forming Minerals. Rock Cycle. Three Rock Laws. Igneous Rock. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks. Rock Strength. Rock Strength.

II. EARTH PROCESSES AND NATURAL HAZARDS.

4. Introduction to Natural Hazards.


Hazards, Disasters, and Natural Processes. Evaluating Hazards: History, Linkage, Disaster Prediction, and Risk Assessment. The Human Response to Hazards. Global Climate and Hazards. Population Increase, Land-Use Change, and Natural Hazards.

5. Earthquakes and Related Phenomena.


Introduction to Earthquakes. Earthquake Magnitude. Earthquake Intensity. Plate Boundary Earthquakes. Interplate Earthquakes. Earthquake Processes. Earthquake Shaking. Earthquake Cycle. Earthquake Caused by Human Activity. Effects of Earthquakes. Earthquake Risk and Earthquake Prediction. Toward Earthquake Prediction. Sequence of Earthquakes in Turkey: Can One Earthquake Set Up Another? The Response to Earthquake Hazards.

6. Volcanic Activity.


Introduction to Volcanic Hazards. Volcanism and Volcanoes. Volcano Types. Volcano Origins. Volcanic Features. Volcanic Hazards. Two Cases Histories. Forecasting Volcanic Activity. Adjustment to and Perception of the Volcanic Hazard.

7. Rivers and Flooding.


Rivers: Historical Use. Streams and Rivers. Sediment in Rivers. River Velocity, Discharge, Erosion, and Sediment Deposition. Effects of Land-use Changes. Channel Patterns and Floodplain Formation. Flooding. Urbanization and Flooding. The Nature and Extent of Flood Hazards. Adjustments to Flood Hazards. Perception of Flooding.

8. Slope Processes, Landslides and Subsidence.


Introduction to Landslides. Slope Processes and Types of Landslides. Slope Stability. Human Use and Landslides. Minimizing the Landslide Hazard. Snow Avalanches. Subsidence. Perception of the Landslide Hazard.

9. Coastal Processes.


Introduction to Coastal Hazards. Coastal Processes. Coastal Erosion. Coastal Hazards and Engineering Structures. Human Activity and Coastal Erosion: Some Examples. Tropical Cyclones. Perception of and Adjustment to Coastal Hazard.

III. RESOURCES AND POLLUTION.

10. Water Resource.


Water: A Brief Global Perspective. Surface Water. Groundwater. Interactions between Surface Water and Groundwater. Desalination. Water Use. Water Management in the Future. Water and Ecosystems.

11. Water Pollution.


An Overview of Water Pollution. Selected Water Pollutants. Surface-Water Pollution and Treatment. Groundwater Pollution and Treatment. Water-Quality Standards. Wastewater Treatment. Federal Legislation.

12. Mineral Resources.


Minerals and Human Use. Geology of Mineral Resources. Environmental Impact of Mineral Development. Recycling Mineral Resources.

13. Energy Resources.


Energy Supply and Energy Demand. Fossil Fuels. Future of Oil. Fossil Fuel and Acid Rain. Nuclear Energy. Geothermal Energy. Renewable Energy Sources. Conservation, Efficiency, and Cogeneration.

14. Soils and Environment.


Introduction to Soils. Soil Profiles. Soil Properties. Soil Fertility. Water in Soil. Soil Classification. Engineering Properties of Soil. Rates of Soil Erosion. Sediment Pollution. Land Use and Environmental Problems of Soils. Soil Pollution. Soil Surveys and Land-Use Planning.

15. Air Pollution.


Introduction to Air Pollution. Pollution of the Atmosphere. Sources of Air Pollution. Air Pollutants. Urban Air Pollution. Indoor Air Pollution. Control of Air Pollution. Air Quality Standards. Cost of Controlling Air Pollution.

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE AND SOCIETY.

16. Global Climate Change.


Global Change and Earth System Science: An Overview. Tools for Studying Global Change. Earth's Atmosphere and Climate Change. Glaciers and Permafrost. Arid Lands. Global Warming. Potential Effects of Global Climate Change. Coupling of Global Change Processes.

17. Geology, Society, and the Future: Selected Examples.


Introduction. Geology and Environmental Health. Waste Management. Site Selection. Environmental Impact Analysis. Land Use and Planning. Environmental Law. Geology, the Environment, and the Future.

APPENDICES.

Appendix A: Minerals.
Appendix B: Rocks.
Appendix C: Maps and Related Topics.
Appendix D: How Geologists Determine Geologic Time.
Glossary.
Index.