Dr. Maurice Stewart, PE, a Registered Professional Engineer with over 40 years international consulting experience in project management; designing, selecting, specifying, installing, operating, optimizing, retrofitting and troubleshooting oil, water and gas handling, conditioning and processing facilities; designing plant piping and pipeline systems, heat exchangers, pressure vessels, process equipment, and pumping and compression systems; and leading hazards analysis reviews and risk assessments.
Updated and better than ever, Design of Gas-Handling Systems and Facilities, 3rd Edition includes greatly expanded chapters on gas-liquid separation, gas sweetening, gas liquefaction, and gas dehydration -information necessary and critical to production and process engineers and designers. Natural gas is at the forefront of today's energy needs, and this book walks you through the equipment and processes used in gas-handling operations, including conditioning and processing, to help you effectively design and manage your gas production facility. Taking a logical approach from theory into practical application, Design of Gas-Handling Systems and Facilities, 3rd Edition contains many supporting equations as well as detailed tables and charts to facilite process design. Based on real-world case studies and experience, this must-have training guide is a reference that no natural gas practitioner and engineer should be without. - Packed with charts, tables, and diagrams- Features the prerequisite ASME and API codes- Updated chapters on gas-liquid separation, gas sweetening, gas liquefaction and gas dehydration
Basic Principles
Abstract
This chapter reviews the principles and fluid properties related to the selection and design of gas-handling, conditioning, and processing equipment. It also discusses some of the common calculation procedures, conversions, and operations used to describe the fluids encountered in gas-production operations. The chapter then provides a fluid analysis of a typical gas well, and the sample analysis is used to calculate values related to the design of gas-handling facilities, such as apparent molecular weight, gas specific gravity, liquid density and specific gravity, viscosity, and gas/liquid compositions. The chapter ends by characterizing the flow stream and performing flash calculations.
Keywords
fluid analysis
physical properties
equations of state
molecular weight
apparent molecular weight
gas specific gravity
liquid specific gravity
nonideal gas equations of state
liquid density
liquid volume
viscosity
flash calculations
gas composition
liquid composition
“K” factors
flash calculations
approximate flash calculations
dew point
bubble point
net heating value
gross heating value
Reid vapor pressure
phase equilibrium
2.1 Introduction
Before discussing gas-handling, conditioning, and processing equipment and design techniques, it is necessary to review some basic principles and fluid properties. We will also discuss some of the common calculation procedures, conversions, and operations used to describe the fluids encountered in production operations.
2.2 Fluid Analysis
An example fluid analysis of a typical gas well is shown in Table 2.1. Note that only paraffin hydrocarbons are shown. This is not correct, even though only paraffin hydrocarbons may be the predominant series present. Also note that all molecules of heptane and larger ones are lumped together as heptanes plus fraction.
Table 2.1
Example Fluid Analysis of a Gas Well
| Component | Mol% |
| Methane (C1) | 35.78 |
| Ethane (C2) | 21.46 |
| Propane (C3) | 1.40 |
| i-Butane (i-C4) | 5.35 |
| n-Butane (n-C4) | 10.71 |
| i-Pentane (i-C5) | 3.81 |
| n-Pentane (n-C5) | 3.07 |
| Hexanes (C6) | 3.32 |
| Heptanes plus (C7 +) | 3.24 |
| Nitrogen | 0.20 |
| Carbon dioxide | 1.66 |
| Total | 100.00 |
Sometimes operators request more complete analysis with many more components listed. Process engineers often like to input all of this data into their simulation models, but from a practical standpoint the exact composition of these higher-end components makes little difference in sizing equipment. In addition, fluid samples often are not totally representative of what is eventually produced through the facility as new wells are drilled and reservoir conditions change. Optimizing a design to a precise set of “given” fluid properties may result in a facility that is not flexible enough to handle the inevitable changes that occur in oil and gas field developments.
2.3 Physical Properties
An accurate estimate of physical properties is essential if one is to obtain reliable calculations. Physical and chemical properties depend on:
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Composition
Most hydrocarbon streams are mixtures of hydrocarbons that may contain varying quantities of contaminants such as:
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Carbon dioxide
• Water
The more similar the character of the mixture molecules, the more orderly is their behavior. A single-component system composed entirely of a simple molecule, such as methane, behaves in a very predictable, correctable manner.
The accuracy of calculations decrease in the following order:
• Single-component system
• Mixture of molecules from the same homologous series
• Mixture of molecules from different homologous series
• Hydrocarbon mixtures containing sulfur compounds and/or carbon dioxide
Performance data for a single-component system can be accurately correlated in graphic or tabular form. For all others, one must use either pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) equations of state or the weighted average. The weighted average assumes that the contribution of an individual molecule is in proportion to its relative quantity in the mixture. The more dissimilar the molecules, the less accurate the prediction becomes. Table 2.2 lists some of the physical properties of some of the paraffin hydrocarbon series.
Table 2.2
Physical Properties of Paraffin Hydrocarbons
| Molecular weight | 16.043 | 30.070 | 44.097 | 58.124 | 58.124 | 72.151 | 72.151 | 86.178 | 100.205 | 114.232 | 128.259 | 142.286 |
| Boiling point @ 14.696 psia, °F | − 258.73 | − 127.49 | − 43.75 | 10.78 | 31.08 | 82.12 | 96.92 | 155.72 | 209.16 | 258.21 | 303.47 | 345.48 |
| Freezing point @ 14.696 psia, °F | − 296.44 | − 297.49 | − 305.73 | − 255.28 | − 217.05 | − 255.82 | − 201.51 | − 139.58 | − 131.05 | − 70.18 | − 64.28 | − 21.36 |
| Vapor pressure @100 °F, psia | (5000.0) | (800.0) | 188.4 | 72.58 | 51.71 | 20.445 | 15.574 | 4.960 | 1.620 | 0.5369 | 0.1795 | 0.0609 |
| Density of liquid @ 60°F and 14.696 psia |
| Relative density @ 60 °F/60 °F | (0.3) | 0.3562 | 0.5070 | 0.5629 | 0.5840 | 0.6247 | 0.6311 | 0.6638 | 0.6882 | 0.7070 | 0.7219 | 0.7342 |
| °API | (340.0) | 265.6 | 147.3 | 119.8 | 110.7 | 95.1 | 92.7 | 81.60 | 74.08 | 68.64 | 64.51 | 61.23 |
| Absolute density, lbm/gal (in vacuum) | (2.5) | 2.970 | 4.227 | 4.693 | 4.870 | 5.208 | 5.262 | 5.534 | 5.738 | 5.894 | 6.018 | 6.121 |
| Apparent density, lbm/gal (in air) | (2.5) | 2.960 | 4.217 | 4.683 | 4.861 | 5.198 | 5.252 | 5.524 | 5.729 | 5.885 | 6.008 | 6.112 |
| Density of gas @ 60 °F and 14.696 psia |
| Relative density (air = 1), ideal gas | 0.5539 | 1.0382 | 1.5225 | 2.0068 | 2.0068 | 2.4911 | 2.4911 | 2.9755 | 3.4598 | 3.9441 | 4.4284 | 4.9127 |
| lb/M ft3, ideal gas | 42.28 | 79.24 | 116.20 | 153.16 | 153.16 | 190.13 | 190.13 | 227.09 | 264.06 | 301.02 | 337.98 | 374.95 |
| Volume @ 60 °F and 14.696 psia |
| Liquid, gal/lb-mol | (6.4) | 10.13 | 10.43 | 12.39 | 11.94 | 13.85 | 13.72 | 15.57 | 17.46 | 19.38 | 21.31 | 23.45 |
| Ft3 has/gal liquid, ideal gas | (59.1) | 37.48 | 36.375 | 30.64 | 31.79 | 27.39 | 27.67 | 24.37 | 21.73 | 19.58 | 17.81 | 16.33 |
| Ratio, gas/liquid, in vacuum | (442.0) | 280.4 | 272.1 | 229.2 | 237.8 | 204.9 | 207.0 | 182.3 | 162.6 | 146.5 | 133.2 | 122.2 |
| Critical conditions |
| Temperature,... |
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 5.8.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
| Technik ► Architektur | |
| Technik ► Bergbau | |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-382208-4 / 0123822084 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-382208-6 / 9780123822086 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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