Smart Grid Applications and Developments (eBook)

Acknowledgments 5
Contents 6
About the Editors 8
About the Contributors 10
Part I Introduction 19
1 Introduction and Overview 20
Abstract 20
1…Introduction 20
2…What Are SGs? 22
2.1 In What Ways Are SGs ‘‘Smarter’’? 22
2.2 Five Major Applications of SGs 23
3…Energy Sector Outlook 25
4…The Development of SGs at the Global Level 26
5…Policy Support Mechanisms and SG Initiatives 27
6…About This Book 29
6.1 Our Perspective 30
6.2 Objectives of the Book 31
6.3 Structure and Content: A Brief Overview 31
Acknowledgments 36
References 36
2 A Holistic View on Developing Smart Grids for a Low-Carbon Future 38
Abstract 38
1…Introduction 38
2…Capabilities of Smart Grids and Implications 40
3…Key Technologies and Their Current Stage of Development 41
3.1 Smart Meters and Automated Metering Infrastructure 43
3.2 Demand Response and Automated Demand Response 43
3.3 Phase Monitoring Unit and Wide Area Monitoring System 44
3.4 Power Electronics, HVDC, and FACTS Devices 44
3.5 Distribution Automation 45
3.6 Energy Storage 45
3.7 Micro-grids 46
3.8 New Paradigms, Systems, and Technologies for a Flexible Grid 46
3.9 Enabling Customer Interactions and Dynamic Pricing Scheme 48
3.10 Providing Flexibility and Intelligence to Grid Operations 48
4…Economic Values, Benefits, and Market Forces 48
4.1 Transmission 48
4.2 Distribution 49
4.3 Metering 50
5…Regulation and Policies 50
5.1 Different Industry Structure 51
5.2 Common Regulation Objectives 51
5.3 New Objectives and Regulation 51
6…Societal Benefits, Impacts, and Acceptance 53
6.1 Economic Growth, Competitiveness, and Jobs 53
6.2 Emissions and Pollutant Reductions 53
6.3 Customer Engagements 53
6.4 Reactions to the New Prosumers 54
6.5 Value of Reliability 54
6.6 Privacy 54
6.7 EV Adaption Rate 55
7…Neither a Silver Bullet Nor One Size Fits All 55
7.1 Take Inventory 55
7.2 Set Targets 56
7.3 Assemble a Road Map 56
7.4 Stage for Flexibility 56
7.5 Trial Different Options 56
7.6 Standardize Equipment and Practices 56
7.7 Retrain Workforce 57
7.8 Educate the Public 57
7.9 Review and Adjust Periodically 57
7.10 Research and Development 57
8…Research Needs 57
9…Conclusion 58
References 59
Part II Technical Characteristics of Smart Grid 61
3 Status and Prospects of European Renewable-Based Energy Systems Facilitated by Smart Grid Technologies 62
Abstract 62
1…Background 62
2…Plans and Status for Renewable Energy Resource Development and Energy Efficiency Improvement 63
3…Challenges and Solutions 66
4…EU Smart Grid Initiatives 68
5…Case Studies: Bornholm---‘‘Fast Track’’ for EU Smart Grid 70
6…Conclusions 71
Acknowledgments 71
References 72
4 Arcturus: An International Repository of Evidence on Dynamic Pricing 73
Abstract 73
1…Introduction 74
2…The Time-Varying Rate Designs 75
3…The 34 Studies 77
4…Comparison to Earlier Meta-Analysis of TOU Experiments 85
5…Elasticity Estimates 86
6…Conclusion 87
Acknowledgment 88
References 88
5 Microgrids and Distributed Energy Future 89
Abstract 89
1…Introduction 89
2…Concept of Microgrid 92
3…Motivations and Challenges of Microgrid 94
4…Operation and Control of Microgrids 94
5…Economics of Microgrids 95
6…Existing Microgrid Projects 96
6.1 Typical Microgrid Systems in Europe 96
6.1.1 Microgrid Laboratories in the E.U. 97
6.1.2 Microgrid Demonstration Projects in the E.U. 99
6.2 Typical Microgrids in the US 100
6.2.1 CERT Microgrid Demonstration Projects 101
6.2.2 NREL Microgrid Projects 102
6.2.3 Other Microgrid Projects and Future Plans in the USA 102
6.3 Typical Microgrids in Japan 103
6.3.1 Demonstrative Project of Regional Power Grid with Various New Energies 103
6.3.2 Demonstrative Projects on New Power Network System 105
6.3.3 Other Microgrid Projects in Japan 105
6.4 Microgrids in Developing Countries 105
7…Conclusions 106
Acknowledgments 106
References 106
6 Communication and Network Security Requirements for Smart Grid 108
Abstract 108
1…Introduction 108
2…Smart Grid Enabling Technologies 110
3…Communication-Oriented Smart Grid Framework 111
3.1 Operation Network 114
3.2 Business Network 115
3.3 Consumer Network 116
4…Communication Requirements 117
5…Security and Privacy Requirements 118
6…Conclusions 122
Acknowledgment 122
References 123
Part III Stakeholders in Perspectives: Interests,Power and Conflict 125
7 Smart Grids: The Regulatory Challenges 126
Abstract 126
1…Introduction 126
2…Why Should Regulators Be Concerned About Smart Grid Deployment? 128
3…Major Regulatory Issues on Smart Grids: Utility Disincentives, Pricing Inefficiencies, and Cybersecurity and Privacy 130
3.1 Regulatory Issue 1: Utility Disincentives 130
3.2 Regulatory Issue 2: Pricing Inefficiencies 132
3.3 Regulatory Issue 3: Cybersecurity and Privacy 134
4…Smart Grid Regulatory Approaches: An Overview of International Experience 137
4.1 A Variety of Regulatory Approaches and the Achievements 137
4.2 Unresolved Issues 143
5…Conclusions 144
Acknowledgments 145
References 146
8 i-Energy: Smart Demand-Side Energy Management 152
Abstract 152
1…Introduction 152
2…Integrating the Physical Real World and the Cyber Network Society 153
3…Integrating Information and Electric Power Networks 155
3.1 i-Energy Versus Smart Grid 156
4…Technologies to Implement the i-Energy Concept 158
4.1 Smart Tap Network 158
4.2 Energy on Demand Protocol for Intelligent Power Management 161
4.3 EoD-based Battery Design and Management and Power Flow Coloring 165
4.3.1 Battery Design and Management Plan Generation 165
4.3.2 Real-Time Battery Management 167
4.3.3 Power Flow Coloring 171
4.4 Smart Community for Bidirectional Energy Trading Market 172
5…Concluding Remarks 173
References 174
9 Switching Perspectives: Creating New Business Models for a Changing World of Energy 175
Abstract 175
1…Introduction 175
2…Business Model Transitions and Drivers 176
3…Methodology and Framework 180
4…Industry Model Innovation: Elements, Opportunities and Challenges 181
4.1 Single-Sided Versus Multisided Platforms 182
4.2 Platform Development in the Electric Power Industry 184
4.3 The Platform Staging Challenge 187
5…Capabilities Required for a Successful Transition 188
6…New Policy Approaches to Stimulate Platform Development[5] 190
7…Conclusion 191
Acknowledgments 192
References 192
Part IV International Case Studies 193
10 Smart Transmission Grids Vision for Europe: Towards a Realistic Research Agenda 194
Abstract 194
1…Introduction 195
2…Smart Transmission Research Defined 196
2.1 A European Perspective on Research Needs 196
2.2 A Transmission System Perspective and Research Framework 199
3…Smart Operation: Enhanced Monitoring and Control of Transmission Grids 202
3.1 Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technologies as Building Blocks for Smart Operation Tools 203
3.1.1 State of the Art in Grid Monitoring and Control 203
3.1.2 Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technology 204
3.2 Technological Challenges 205
3.2.1 Need for Continued Standardization 205
3.2.2 Big Data Management 206
3.2.3 ICT Aspects 207
3.2.4 The Requirements Dilemma 208
3.3 Smart Operation: A Way Forward and Future Grid Monitoring and Control Solutions 208
3.3.1 Holistic Architectural Analysis 208
3.3.2 GPS-Independent Time and Data Transfer 211
3.3.3 Software Development for Real-Time PMU Applications 212
Smart Operation Tools: Monitoring and Control Applications 214
4…Operational Planning of the Smart Transmission Grid 217
4.1 Organization of the Energy Supply Chain in Europe 217
4.2 System Working up to Its Limits 217
4.3 Flexible use of the Power System 218
4.3.1 Flexibility of Generation and Load 219
4.3.2 Extended Grid Use through the Dynamic Use of Existing Assets 220
4.4 Coordination in the Power System 221
4.4.1 Example: Coordination of PFC 222
4.5 Secure Operation of the Pan-European Power System 223
4.5.1 A New Reliability Concept is Needed 223
4.5.2 Power System Calculation Tools and Methodologies for the Pan-European Power System 225
5…Conclusion 225
References 226
11 Comparison of Smart Grid Technologies and Progress in the USA and Europe 230
Abstract 230
1…Introduction 231
2…Evolution of the Smart Grid in the USA and Europe 231
2.1 Trajectory in the USA 231
2.2 Trajectory in Europe 232
3…Governing Bodies in Smart Grid Development 233
4…Enabling Technologies 235
4.1 Distributed Generation 236
4.2 Energy Storage 236
4.3 Power Electronics 236
4.4 Control, Automation, and Monitoring 238
4.5 Demand-Side Management 239
4.6 Distribution Automation and Protection 240
4.7 Communication Systems 241
5…Comparative Metrics for USA Versus Europe 242
5.1 Legislation in the USA 242
5.2 Legislation in Europe 243
5.3 Barriers 244
6…Path Forward 245
Acknowledgment 246
References 246
12 Towards Sustainable Energy Systems Through Deploying Smart Grids: The Japanese Case 248
Abstract 248
1…Introduction 248
2…Energy Context of Japan 249
3…Smart Grids in Japan: Key Concepts and Elements 251
3.1 Low-Carbon Society 252
3.2 Key Concepts 252
4…Major Developments of Smart Grids in Japan 253
5…Japan’s Smart Communities 254
6…Japan’s Smart Grid Pilot Projects 256
6.1 Smart Grid Pilot Project in Yokohama City (Large Urban Area) 257
6.2 Smart Grid Pilot Project in the Kyoto Keihanna District (R& D Focus)
6.3 Smart Grid Pilot Project in Toyota City (Metropolitan Area) 258
6.4 Smart Grid Pilot Project in Kitakyushu City (Industrial City) 258
6.5 Smart Grid Demonstration Project in Rokkasho Village 259
6.6 Smart Grid Trial Project in Okinawa 260
7…Overseas Collaborations on Smart Grid Projects 260
7.1 Smart Grid Pilot Project in the USA 261
7.1.1 Los Alamos 261
7.1.2 Albuquerque 261
7.1.3 Smart Grid Project in Hawaii 261
7.2 Smart Grid Pilot Project on the Island of Jeju, Korea 262
7.3 ZEBs in Lyon in France 262
7.4 Smart Grid Collaboration in Malaga, Spain 263
8…Major Smart Grid Awareness and Activities Promotion Bodies in Japan 263
8.1 Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry 263
8.2 NEDO 263
8.3 The Japan Smart Community Alliance 264
8.4 Democratic Party of Japan 264
9…Conclusion 264
Acknowledgments 265
References 265
13 Governing the Transition of Socio-technical Systems: A Case Study of the Development of Smart Grids in Korea 268
Abstract 268
1…Introduction 268
2…Smart Grid Development in Korea: An Overview 270
3…Smart Grid in Theoretical Perspective 272
3.1 Governance Perspective 272
3.2 Innovation Systems Perspective 272
4…Factors Underpinning Korea’s Smart Grid Development 273
4.1 Landscape Level 274
4.2 Regime Level 274
4.3 Niche Level 277
5…Discussion: The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Government-led Approach 278
6…Conclusion 282
Acknowledgments 283
A.x(118). 7…Appendix 1: List of Interviewees 283
References 284
14 Developing Super Smart Grids in China: Perspective of Socio-technical Systems Transition 287
Abstract 287
1…Introduction 287
2…Power Sector in China 288
2.1 Overview 288
2.2 Multi-level Perspective Analysis 292
2.2.1 Landscape and Regime 292
2.2.2 Technical Niches 294
3…Planning of China’s Power Sector into 2030 294
3.1 Landscape and Driving Forces 294
3.2 Planning Scenario 298
4…Developing Super Smart Grid in China 299
4.1 Key Features of China’s Power Scenario 299
4.2 Function Analysis on SSG in China 301
5…Road Map for Developing SSG in China 303
5.1 Transition Pathways of Low-Carbon Power Sector in China 303
5.2 Milestones and Key Tasks for Building SSG in China 303
6…Policy Implications 305
7…Conclusion 307
Acknowledgment 308
References 308
15 Exploring the Value of Distributed Energy for Australia 310
Abstract 310
1…Introduction 310
2…Modelling Approach 314
3…Modelling Results 318
4…Estimated Value of DE 319
5…Integrating DE with the Electricity Grid and the Urban Environment 323
6…Enabling Large-Scale Uptake of DE 326
7…DE Business Models 329
8…Integrating DE with Energy Markets 330
9…Conclusion 334
Acknowledgments 334
References 335
Part V Postscript 336
16 Postscript 337
Abstract 337
1…Future Trajectories for Smart Grids 337
2…Refining the Research Agenda 339
Acknowledgments 342
References 342