Dr. S. Kalaiselvam is the Head of the Department of Applied Science and Technology and Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Anna University, Chennai.
Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainability is a broad-based overview describing the state-of-the-art in latent, sensible, and thermo-chemical energy storage systems and their applications across industries. Beginning with a discussion of the efficiency and conservation advantages of balancing energy demand with production, the book goes on to describe current state-of-the art technologies. Not stopping with description, the authors also discuss design, modeling, and simulation of representative systems, and end with several case studies of systems in use. - Describes how thermal energy storage helps bridge the gap between energy demand and supply, particularly for intermittent power sources like solar, wind, and tidal systems- Provides tables, illustrations, and comparative case studies that show applications of TES systems across industries- Includes a chapter on the rapidly developing field of viable nanotechnology-based thermal energy storage systems
Front Cover 1
Thermal Energy Storage Technologies for Sustainability: Systems Design, Assessment and Applications 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Acknowledgments 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1: Energy and Energy Management 16
1.1. Introduction 16
1.2. Energy Resources, Energy Sources, and Energy Production 16
1.3. Global Energy Demand and Consumption 20
1.4. Need for the Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation, and Management 26
1.5. Concise remarks 33
References 34
Chapter 2: Energy Storage 36
2.1. Introduction 36
2.2. Significance of energy storage 36
2.3. Types of energy storage 37
2.4. Energy Storage by Mechanical Medium 38
2.4.1. Flywheels (kinetic energy storage) 38
2.4.2. Pumped hydroelectric storage (potential energy storage) 40
2.4.3. Compressed air energy storage (potential energy storage) 41
2.5. Energy Storage by Chemical Medium 43
2.5.1. Electrochemical energy storage 43
2.6. Energy Storage by Electrical Medium 46
2.6.1. Electrostatic energy storage 46
2.7. Energy Storage by Magnetic Medium 48
2.7.1. Superconducting magnetic energy storage 48
2.8. Energy Storage by Hydrogen Medium 49
2.8.1. Hydrogen-based fuel cells 49
2.8.2. Solar hydrogen production 50
2.9. Energy storage by biological medium 51
2.10. Thermal Energy Storage 51
2.10.1. Low temperature thermal storage 52
2.10.2. Medium and high temperature thermal storage 52
2.11. Technical Evaluation and Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 53
2.12. Concise remarks 67
References 67
Chapter 3: Thermal Energy Storage Technologies 72
3.1. Introduction 72
3.2. Thermal Energy Storage 72
3.2.1. Aspects of TES 73
3.2.2. Need for TES 74
3.2.3. Energy redistribution requirements 74
3.3. Types of TES Technologies 75
3.3.1. Sensible TES 75
3.3.2. Latent TES 75
3.3.3. Thermochemical energy storage 76
3.4. Comparison of TES Technologies 77
3.5. Concise Remarks 79
References 79
Chapter 4: Sensible Thermal Energy Storage 80
4.1. Introduction 80
4.2. Sensible heat storage materials 80
4.2.1. Solid storage materials 80
4.2.2. Liquid storage materials 81
4.3. Selection of Materials and Methodology 81
4.3.1. Short-term sensible thermal storage 82
4.3.2. Long-term sensible thermal storage 83
4.4. Properties of sensible heat storage materials 84
4.5. STES Technologies 84
4.5.1. Storage tanks using water 84
4.5.2. Rock bed thermal storage 86
4.5.3. Solar pond/lake thermal storage 87
4.5.4. Building structure thermal storage 88
4.5.5. Passive solar heating storage 90
4.5.6. Active solar heating storage 91
4.6. High Temperature Sensible Thermal Storage 92
4.7. Concise remarks 96
References 96
Chapter 5: Latent Thermal Energy Storage 98
5.1. Introduction 98
5.2. Physics of LTES 98
5.3. Types of LTES 100
5.4. Properties of latent heat storage materials 101
5.5. Encapsulation Techniques of LTES ( PCM) Materials 101
5.5.1. Direct impregnation method 102
5.5.2. Microencapsulation method 102
5.5.3. Shape stabilization of the PCM 103
5.6. Performance Assessment of LTES System in Buildings 104
5.7. Passive LTES Systems 109
5.7.1. PCM impregnated structures into building fabric components 109
5.7.2. PCM impregnated into building fabrics 112
5.7.3. PCM integrated into building glazing structures 115
5.7.4. PCM color coatings 116
5.8. Active LTES Systems 117
5.8.1. Free cooling with the PCM TES 117
5.8.2. Comfort cooling with the PCM TES 123
5.8.3. Ice-cool thermal energy storage 126
5.8.4. Chilled water- PCM cool TES 130
5.9. Merits and Limitations 133
5.9.1. Merits of LTES materials 133
5.9.2. Limitations of LTES materials 137
5.9.3. Merits of LTES systems 137
5.9.4. Limitations of LTES systems 138
5.10. Summary 138
References 139
Chapter 6: Thermochemical Energy Storage 142
6.1. Introduction 142
6.2. Phenomena of thermochemical energy Storage 142
6.3. Thermochemical Energy Storage Principles and Materials 143
6.4. Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems 145
6.4.1. Open adsorption energy storage system 146
6.4.2. Closed adsorption energy storage system 149
6.4.3. Closed absorption energy storage system 150
6.4.4. Solid/gas thermochemical energy storage system 151
6.4.5. Thermochemical accumulator energy storage system 152
6.4.6. Floor heating system using thermochemical energy storage 153
6.4.7. Thermochemical energy storage for building heating applications 155
6.5. Concise Remarks 157
References 159
Chapter 7: Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage 160
7.1. Introduction 160
7.2. Seasonal (Source) TES Technologies 160
7.2.1. Aquifer thermal storage 161
7.2.2. Borehole thermal storage 165
7.2.3. Cavern thermal storage 167
7.2.4. Earth-to-air thermal storage 170
7.2.5. Energy piles thermal storage 171
7.2.6. Sea water thermal storage 171
7.2.7. Rock thermal storage 172
7.2.8. Roof pond thermal storage 172
7.3. Concise Remarks 173
References 176
Chapter 8: Nanotechnology in Thermal Energy Storage 178
8.1. Introduction 178
8.2. Nanostructured Materials 178
8.2.1. Preparation and characterization of nanomaterials 178
8.2.2. Hybrid nanomaterials 182
8.3. Nanomaterials embedded latent heat storage materials 189
8.3.1. Evaluation of thermal storage properties 190
8.4. Merits And Challenges 204
8.5. Concise remarks 206
References 207
Chapter 9: Sustainable Thermal Energy Storage 218
9.1. Introduction 218
9.2. Sustainable Thermal Storage Systems 218
9.2.1. Low energy thermal storage 218
9.2.2. Low carbon thermal storage 219
9.2.3. Geothermal energy storage 231
9.2.4. Wind-thermal-cold energy storage 237
9.2.5. Hybrid TES 238
9.2.6. CHP thermal storage 238
9.3. Leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) and sustainability prospects 242
9.4. Concise Remarks 247
References 248
Chapter 10: Thermal Energy Storage Systems Design 252
10.1. Introduction 252
10.2. Sensible heat storage systems 252
10.3. Latent Heat Storage Systems 253
10.3.1. Sizing of ITES system 253
10.3.2. Sizing of chilled water packed bed LTES system 254
10.4. Design Examples 256
10.4.1. Long-term thermal storage option 256
10.4.2. Short-term thermal storage option 257
10.4.3. Short-term thermal storage option in piping systems 257
10.4.4. Heating thermal storage option with pressurized water systems 258
10.4.5. TES option with waste heat recovery 259
10.5. Concise remarks 259
Further Reading 260
Chapter 11: Review on the Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 262
11.1. Introduction 262
11.2. Analytical/Numerical Modeling and Simulation 262
11.2.1. Latent thermal energy storage 262
11.3. Configurations-Based Model Collections 271
11.4. Modeling and Simulation Analysis 276
11.4.1. Numerical solution and validation 276
11.4.2. Materials selection and configuration 281
11.4.3. Economic perspectives 281
11.5. Concise remarks 281
References 282
Chapter 12: Assessment of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 294
12.1. Introduction 294
12.2. Evaluation of thermal storage properties 294
12.3. Energy and Exergy Concepts 296
12.3.1. Distinction between energy and exergy 296
12.3.2. Quality concepts 300
12.3.3. Exergy in performance assessment of thermal storage systems 301
12.3.4. Exergy and the environment 303
12.4. Concise Remarks 322
References 322
Chapter 13: Control and Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 326
13.1. Introduction 326
13.2. Control Systems and Methodologies 326
13.2.1. Types of control methodologies 328
13.2.2. Control methodology of thermal storage systems 331
13.3. Optimization of Thermal Storage Systems 341
13.3.1. Thermoeconomic optimization 345
13.3.2. Multiobjective optimization 351
13.4. Concise Remarks 357
References 358
Chapter 14: Economic and Societal Prospects of Thermal Energy Storage Technologies 362
14.1. Introduction 362
14.2. Commissioning of thermal energy storage (TES) systems 362
14.2.1. Procedure for installation of thermal storage systems 362
14.3. Cost Analysis and Economic Feasibility 364
14.3.1. LTES system 364
14.3.2. Seasonal TES system 367
14.4. Societal implications of TES systems 371
14.5. Concise remarks 372
References 372
Chapter 15: Applications of Thermal Energy Storage Systems 374
15.1. Active and passive systems 374
15.2. Carbon-Free Thermal Storage Systems 374
15.3. Low Energy Building Design 377
15.4. Scope for futuristic developments 379
References 380
Appendix I: Units and Conversions Factors 382
Appendix II: Thermal Properties of Various Heat Storage Materials 390
Appendix III: Rules of Thumb for Thermal Energy Storage Systems Design 412
Sources 413
Appendix IV: Parametric and Cost Comparison of Thermal Storage Technologies 414
Appendix V: Summary of Thermal Energy Storage Systems Installation 416
Abbreviations 420
Glossary 424
List of Specific Websites 428
Index 430
Energy and Energy Management
Abstract
Energy is the lifeline of all human activities and the chief catalyst for the overall development of the key sectors within a country. The role of energy sources and proper energy management techniques can be considered the decisive factors that merit the economic potential status for a developed country among the world’s nations. The challenges pertaining to the extraction, generation, and distribution of energy have to be confronted at every step of the energy-efficient systems design. This would help acheive the energy conservation potential as well as carbon emissions reduction. The development of state-of-the art technologies amalgamated with renewable energy integration would contribute to offsetting the future energy demand/consumption without sacrificing energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Keywords
Energy
Energy management
Energy efficiency
Environmental sustainability
Energy conservation
Energy consumption
Energy sources
Renewable energy integration
Sustainability
1.1 Introduction
Energy and energy management are two facets of a mature technology that would move the economic status of a country from normal to the height of societal development. A nation with a strong mission of ensuring energy efficiency at each step of its societal development can sustain higher economic growth on a long-term basis. The increasing concerns about climate change and environmental emissions have led to conserving energy through the development of several energy-efficient systems. The underlying concept behind this is the reduction of extensive utilization of fossil fuel or primary energy sources and their associated carbon emissions. From this perspective, the following sections are designed to explain energy concepts, project energy demand/consumption, and describe possible energy management techniques that would be helpful for the development of a sustainable future.
1.2 Energy Resources, Energy Sources, and Energy Production
In the spectrum of energy and energy management, energy resources, energy sources, and energy production are extremely vital starting from their discovery, conversion, and production to end-use consumption. Although the terminologies related to energy resources and energy sources seem to be associated, a basic difference exists that helps the scientific community to move the task of energy production forward to meet energy demand.
Energy resource refers to a reserve of energy, which can be helpful to mankind and society in many ways. On the other hand, energy source also means the system that is devised for extracting energy from the energy resource. For example, the availability of fossil fuels under the earth in the form of coal can be categorized as an energy resource. The system or the technology that is incorporated to extract the energy available from the fossil fuel (coal) can be classified as the energy source.
Earth has large energy resources or basins including solar, hydro, wind, biomass, ocean, and geothermal. Through the application of the human ideologies and emerging technologies, tapping the energy from these reserves in an efficient manner has always been a paramount task. Earth’s finite and renewable energy reserves along with recoverable energy from these resources are depicted in Fig. 1.1.
It is not only important that the energy be extracted from these reserves or reservoirs; the real success of the task depends on efficient transformation to the actual societal requirements. In simpler words, the extracted energy has to be generated or produced in a more usable form and has to be transported so that it caters to end-user energy demand. To sustain the living standards in developed nations as well as improve societal and economical status in developing countries, it is of great importance to balance the huge gap between energy generation and consumption.
The availability of reserves and the possible recovery of energy projected in Fig. 1.1 are more attractive and helpful. This is a basic step in the process of energy planning and energy management. It can be seen clearly from Fig. 1.1 that the total energy reserves available for the fossil fuel category account for nearly 2000 TW per year (TW—Terawatt). The reserves available for nuclear energy are comparatively less compared to fossil fuel reserves. The ratio of fossil fuel reserves to production globally at the end of 2012 is shown in Fig. 1.2.
The projected ratio of fossil fuel reserves to their production in Fig. 1.2 infers that the reserves for coal, oil, and natural gas in some parts of the world have increased over time. This could be attributed to emerging technological advancement in the search for new fossil fuel reserves or beds. It can also be seen clearly from Fig. 1.1 that energy recovery from nuclear energy can now help fulfill immediate energy needs. However, from the long-term energy perspective, dependence on nuclear fuels imposes certain environmental risk factors and unsafe conditions in terms of nuclear emissions and radioactive decay.
It is interesting to note that after the Industrial Revolution, human inventions (interventions) for using fossil fuels to satisfy the energy demand increasingly grew from region to region worldwide. The values projected in Fig. 1.3 infer continuous growth in fossil fuel-based primary energy sources in recent years as well as in the near future.
Tough competition exists between the world’s nations in the search for new reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal. This process is even more encouraged in developed countries. This is in some ways advantageous, but the uncontrollable exploitation of such energy reserves leads to carbon emissions and other environmental risk factors.
The projections on the additions of world power generation capacity and retirements from 2013-2035 shown in Fig. 1.4 infer that the participation of developing nations including India and China is considerable. This means that developing countries are more interested in resolving issues related to energy usage per person, as compared to developed nations. Nearly 40% of the world’s new power-generation capacities is being made by India and the China. At the same time, almost 60% of the power capacity additions have contributed for the replacements of retired plants in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.
On the other hand, developed nations are also equally interested in developing renewable energy sources-based systems for accomplishing demand-side energy management. However, in this type of task, aside from the cost implications involved, adding renewable energy as the source for power generation (electricity production) as depicted in Fig. 1.5 would facilitate maximum energy advantage with reduced or net zero emissions to the environment.
1.3 Global Energy Demand and Consumption
The statistical references from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy [2], International Energy Agency IEA [4] and International Energy Outlook EIA [6] indicate an increase in energy demand and world marketed energy consumption among world nations as shown in Fig. 1.6(a–e). The projections in Fig. 1.6(a–e) show that the energy demand arising from coal and oil has been reduced significantly for the OECD countries. This may be due to the fact that OECD nations have shown greater interest toward using renewable and other nonfossil fuel–based energy sources for balancing and satisfying their energy production and demand.
Fig. 1.6(d) shows that world market energy consumption (WMEC) has been consistently increasing by 1.4% every year since 2007. In total, the WMEC has increased up to 49%, indicating that the imbalance between energy production and consumption has reached its limit. Based on Fig. 1.6(e), the share of the world energy consumption for the United States and China tends to reduce and increase, respectively, in future years, whereas for India the share of energy consumption may rise only marginally. In many...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 30.7.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Thermodynamik |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| Technik ► Maschinenbau | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-417305-5 / 0124173055 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-417305-7 / 9780124173057 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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