Ion Implantation: Basics to Device Fabrication

1 Semiconductor Devices.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Semiconductor Physics.- 1.3 p-n Junction and Diode.- 1.4 Unipolar and Bipolar Transistors.- 1.5 Ion Implantation and Semiconductor Devices.- 1.6 Damage and Yield.- 1.7 Future Trend.- 2 Ion Implanters.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Ion Sources.- 2.3 High Energy Implanters.- 2.4 Magnetic Analyzer and Beam Transport.- 2.5 Energy Contamination.- 2.6 Scan System and Current Measurement.- 2.7 Wafer Cooling.- 2.8 Wafer Charging.- 2.9 Uniformity Control and Mapping.- 2.10 Contaminants and Yield.- 2.11 Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation.- 3 Range Distribution.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Elastic Stopping Power.- 3.3 Electronic Energy Loss.- 3.4 Depth Profile of Implanted Ions.- 3.5 Penetration Anomalies.- 3.6 Channeling Implants.- 3.7 Lateral Spreading.- 3.8 Simulation of Range Distribution.- 4 Radiation Damage.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Collision Cascade.- 4.3 Damage Distribution.- 4.4 Crystalline Defects.- 4.5 Primary Defects.- 4.6 Hot Implants.- 4.7 Ion Beam Induced Enhanced Crystallization.- 4.8 Ion Implantation into Localized Si Areas.- 5 Annealing and Secondary Defects.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Solid Phase Epitaxial Growth of Amorphous Silicon.- 5.3 Annealing of Low-Dose Heavy - Ion Implant.- 5.4 Regrowth of Amorphous Layer Under a Mask.- 5.5 Annealing of Heavily Disordered Regions.- 5.6 Rapid Thermal Processing.- 5.7 Impurity Diffusion During Annealing.- 5.8 Interaction of Impurities with Ion Implanted Defects.- 5.9 Defect Engineering.- 6 Analytical Techniques.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.- 6.3 Spreading Resistance Profilometry: One and Two Dimensional Analyses.- 6.4 Carrier and Mobility Profiles.- 6.5 Rutherford Backscattering and Channeling Effect.- 6.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy.- 7 Silicon Based Devices.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Threshold Voltage Control in MOSFET.- 7.3 Short Channel Effects.- 7.4 Shallow Junctions.- 7.5 Complementary MOS Devices and Technology.- 7.6 Lifetime Engineering in Power Devices.- 7.7 High Energy Implant Applications.- 7.8 High-Speed Bipolar Transistors.- 8 Ion Implantation in Compound Semi-Conductor and Buried Layer Synthesis.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Ion Implantation in GaAs.- 8.3 Ion Implantation in InP.- 8.4 Isolation of III-V Semiconductors.- 8.5 Isolation of Superlattice and Quantum Well Structures.- 8.6 Synthesis of Buried Dielectric.- 8.7 Devices in SOI Substrates.- 8.8 Buried Metal Layer Formation.- 8.9 Compound Semiconductor Based Devices.- Selected References.- References.