Comparative Mammalian Cytogenetics

Species, Speciation, and Chromosomes.- The species concepts.- Reproductive isolation and chromosomal mutation.- The bottleneck of heterozygosity.- Mechanisms of Chromosomal Changes in Mammalian Speciation.- General introductio.- Numerical changes.- The Robertsonian process.- Non-Robertsonian changes.- The Mammalian Genome in Evolution and Conservation of the Original X-Linkage Group.- Importance of karyotypic differences.- Conservation of X-linkage.- Homology between non-homologues.- Summary.- Geographic Variation of Chromosome Forms in Spalax, a Subterranean Mammal of Restricted Mobility.- Distribution of Spalax, mole rats.- Identification of different karyotypes.- Mechanisms of chromosomal changes in Spalax.- Consideration of reproductive isolation.- Summary.- Induced Chromosomal Aberrations with Special Reference to Man.- General considerations of mutagenesis.- Cytological changes.- LSD effects.- Human "centric fusion" changes.- Other types of translocation in humans.- Lethal Chromosome Errors.- General considerations of lethal genetic errors.- Abortion studies in man.- Polyploidy.- Recognized abortions in man, trisomies.- Effects of triploidy, hydatidiform moles.- Semilethal errors.- XO anomaly.- Conclusions.- Meiosis in Mammals.- Studies at pachytene.- Chiasmata.- Structural changes.- Inversion.- Duplication and deficiency.- Reciprocal translocation.- Robertsonian translocation.- Insertion.- Summary.- Hybrid Sterility.- Cattle × Bison hybrids (Cattalos).- Chicken × Pheasant hybrids.- Electronmicroscopic studies.- Teratological results.- Summary.- Experimental Hybridization.- Fertilization and prenatal development.- Peromyscus.- Goat-sheep.- Ferret-mink.- Rabbit-hare.- Chromosome studies.- Hybrids reaching adult life.- Hybrids which die during pregnancy.- Ferret × mink.- Rabbit × snowshoe hare.- Discussion.- Summary.- Genetic Aspects of Infertility.- General considerations.- Anatomical malformations causing infertility.- Abnormalities in gametes.- Embryonic mortality and lethal genes.- Maternal effects.- Genetic indicators of infertility.- Other genetic variations in fertility; summary.- Gene Action in Human Diploid Cell Strains.- Gene action.- Cellular differentiation.- Relationship of method of obtaining variant cells to the cell type employed.- Genetic markers in human diploid cell cultures.- The single active X-theory.- Some examples of gene action in human diploid cell strains.- The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.- Hurler's syndrome.- Orotic aciduria.- The theory of intercellular complementation.- Summary.- Chromosome Mosaics as Markers in Embryology.- Distribution of cells in XY/XXY mosaic embryo.- Possible origin of mosaic.- Embryologic consequences.- Consequences for Lyon hypothesis.- Summary.- Multipolar Mitosis and Somatic Segregation in Cell Cultures of Microtus Agrestis.- Tissue culture system.- Findings and conclusions.- Summary.- Cytogenetics of Marsupials.- Chromosome number in the marsupialia.- General.- Marsupials with 2n = 14.- Marsupials with 2n other than 14.- Conclusions.- Autosomal chromosomal polymorphism.- Sex chromosomes in the marsupials.- Sex determination in the marsupials.- Multiple sex chromosome systems.- The XX/XY sex chromosome systems in marsupials.- Sex chromosome mosaicism.- Marsupials as animals for genetic research.- Insectivore Cytogenetics.- General considerations.- Macroscelidae.- Talpidae, Erinaceidae.- Soricidae.- Tenrecidae.- Solenodontidae.- Tupaiidae.- Comments and Summary.- Cytologic Mechanisms of Karyotype Evolution in Insectivores.- General introduction.- Talpidae.- Erinaceidae.- Robertsonian polymorphism in genus Mus.- Concluding remarks.- Summary.- Patterns of Autosomal Heterochromatin.- General remarks.- Methodology-Erinaceidae.- Nuclear chromatin findings.- Tritiated thymidine labeling.- Metaphase spread correlations.- Autosomal heterochromatin in meiosis.- General conclusions.- Chromosomal Evolution in Rodents.- Chromosomal rearrangements.- Chromosome polymorphism.- Speciation and chromosomal diversity.- Hybridization.- Sex chromosomes.- Cytotaxonomy.- Summary.- Cytogenetic and Phylogenetic Studies in Carnivora.- Phylogenetic considerations of carnivores.- Marker chromosomes.- Canidae.- Mustelidae.- Felidae.- Viverridae.- Karyotype evolution.- Cytogenetic Studies of Some Armadillos.- Dasypus.- Euphractus.- Chaetophractus.- Cabassous.- Discussion.- Summary.- Addendum (Priodontes).- Artiodactyl Mammals: Their Chromosome Cytology in Relation to Patterns of Evolution.- Suiformes.- Tylopoda.- Ruminantia.- General discussion.- Sex chromosomes.- Perspectives.- Primates.- General discussion.- Methodology.- Prosimii.- Platyrrhini.- Catarrhini.- Chromosomal evolution.- Summary.- Considerations of Sex Chromosome Abnormalities in Man.- Review of normal development.- Theories and experiments relating to mammalian sex differentiation.- Cases 1-4.- Discussion.- Position of male determinators on Y.- Extragenital function of Y.- Testicular tissue in XX individuals.- Function of second X in females.- Summary.- Anomalies of Sex Chromosomes in Tortoiseshell Male Cats.- and nomenclature.- Report of two cases.- Summary of reported cases.- Theories of pathogenesis.- Meiotic non-disjunction.- Polyandry; suppression of polar body; fusion.- Failure of second meiotic division.- Abnormal syngamy; initial triploidy.- Fusion of zygotes.- Exchange of cells between twins.- Summary.- Aneuploidy, Polyploidy and Structural Rearrangement of Chromosomes in Mammals Other Than Man.- General introduction.- Terminology.- Timing of errors in development.- Polyploidy.- Findings in domestic animals.- Chimerism.- Possible causative factors of aneuploidy.- Voucher Specimens in Comparative Cytogenetic Studies.- Classical taxonomic considerations.- Handling of animal identification by cytogeneticist.- Deposition of specimens with museum collections.- Obligations of investigators, curators and editors.- Concluding Remarks: Where Do We Go From Here?.- Summary of Conference.- Technical Addendum.- Bone Marrow Preparations for Chromosome Studies.- Collection in field.- Direct bone marrow preparations.- Short-term bone marrow cultures.- Fixation.- Air-dried preparations.- Squash preparations.- Meiotic Preparations from Mammalian Testes.- Schedule.- Comments.- A Combined Toluidine Blue Stain and Mounting Medium.- General Technique.