- Enables all stakeholders to realize cheaper, faster, and safer offshore wind projects
- Explains the different approaches to executing on- and offshore projects, highlighting the
economic impacts of the various financial and operational choices - Provides practical, proven advice on how tough challenges can be overcome,
using real-life examples from the author's experiences to illustrate key issues
Offshore Wind is the first-ever roadmap to successful offshore wind installation. It provides a ready reference for wind project managers, teaching them how to deal with complications on-site, as well as for financers, who can utilize the text as an easy guide to asking the pivotal questions of petitioning wind project developers. These developers' planning stages will be improved by the book's expert advice on how to avoid wasting money by scoping out and mitigating potential problems up-front. Wind turbine manufacturers will benefit from insights into design optimization to support cheaper installation and hauling, thereby incurring lower project costs, and helping developers establish a quicker route to profitability. The book sheds light not just on how to solve a particular installation difficulty, but delves into why the problem may best be solved in that way. Enables all stakeholders to realize cheaper, faster, and safer offshore wind projects Explains the different approaches to executing on- and offshore projects, highlighting theeconomic impacts of the various financial and operational choices Provides practical, proven advice on how tough challenges can be overcome,using real-life examples from the author's experiences to illustrate key issues
Front Cover 1
Offshore Wind: A Comprehensive Guide to Successful Offshore Wind Farm Installation 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Acknowledgments 12
About the Authors 14
Preface 16
Why Do You Need This Book? 16
Who Should Read This Book? 17
How Does the Author Feel about Wind Farms? 17
What Can You Get Out of This Book? 18
Chapter One: What Is an Offshore Wind Farm? 22
Monopile 24
Gravity Base 24
Tripod 25
Jacket 26
Chapter Two: Obtaining Permits for Wind Farms 30
The United States 30
Offshore Wind Potential 31
Permits for the OCS 31
Obtaining Permits for State Waters 32
Obtaining Permits for the Great Lakes 32
Offshore Planning 32
Federal Planning 32
State Planning 33
Requests for Proposals 34
Federal Permitting 35
The Permitting Process 36
State, Regional, and Local Permitting 37
Stakeholder Outreach 37
The United Kingdom 38
Offshore Wind Potential 38
Offshore Planning 38
Offshore Leasing 40
Permitting and Consenting 40
Additional Industry Support 41
Germany 41
Importance of Wind Energy for Germanys Electicity Production 42
Environmentally Friendly Electricity 42
Overview of the Installed Offshore Wind Projects in Germany 43
Types of Permissions 43
Offshore Wind Projects within 12-NM Zone 43
Offshore Wind Projects within the Exclusive Economic Zone 44
Spatial Offshore Grid Plan 44
Overview of the Permitting Process 45
Permission within the Exclusive Economic Zone 45
Scope of Application 46
Maximum Number of Facilities 46
Concentration of Approval Authorities at BSH 46
Material Requirements of a Planning Approval 47
Environmental Impact Assessment 47
Formal Requirements 48
Decision on Planning Approval/Planning Consent 48
Discretion of BSH 48
Permit to Start Building 49
Approval Period 49
Decommissioning of Offshore Wind Farms 49
Other Significant Offshore Wind Markets 49
Chapter Three: Project Planning 52
Project Strategy Outline 52
Organization 52
Metocean Conditions 53
Seabed Conditions 53
The Turbine 54
Health, Safety, and Environmental Compliance with Permitting 54
The Project Execution Plan 57
Start of Production 61
The Logistics Setup 63
Form of the Contract 63
Project Options 64
Do It Yourself 65
EPIC Contracting 65
Tender and Contract Strategy 67
QA and QC Requirements 69
Human Resources for Installations 70
Chapter Four: The Basic Organization 76
Sales 77
Identify Projects 77
Tender Projects 77
Prepare Contracts 78
Negotiate Terms 78
Hire Subsuppliers 79
Prepare Documentation for Project Planning and Execution 79
Specify All Products and Services 79
Specify Interfaces 79
Planning 80
Design Equipment for Project 80
Plan the Process of Project 81
Design and Plan Facilities and Specify Equipment 81
Specify Certification and Other Means of Documentation 81
Perform Due Diligence on Methods Prior to Start 81
QA and HSE 82
Define Interfaces and Requirements 83
Compliance of Project 83
Risk Assessment 85
Hazard Identification 85
Working Procedures 85
Supplier Assessments 86
Training of Personnel 86
Project Management 87
Project Due Diligence 87
Contract Subsuppliers 88
Build and/or Buy and Implement All Equipment and Services 88
Set Up and Manage Site 89
Load Out and Installation of Turbines 90
Documentation of All Work 90
Coordinate QA/HSE Work 91
Service Department 91
Technical Management 92
Chapter Five: Project Preparation 96
Define Project Parameters 96
Project Plan and Strategy 97
Contracting Products and Services 100
Developing Project HSE Plans and Procedures 101
Developing QA/QC Plans and Procedures 102
Determining Methods and Required Equipment 103
Defining the BOP 103
Creating the Final Project Time Schedule 105
The Choice of Equipment 106
The Turbine Type 106
Installation Time 106
Necessary Weather Window 106
Onsite Metocean Conditions 106
Distance and Navigation Time 107
Auditing the Contract Suppliers 107
Implementing Plans and Procedures for Suppliers and Contractors 109
Preparing On- and Offshore Construction Sites 109
Security 110
Ground Preparation 111
Piers and Waterfronts 111
The Seabed in the Port 112
Chapter Six: Project Execution 116
Auditing 116
Necessary Documentation 116
Certificates 116
Operation Manual 117
Project-Specific Method Statement 117
Health, Safety, and Environmental Plan 118
Working Instructions 118
General Condition Surveys 118
Fuel and Lube Gauging 119
Special Equipment 119
Project Startup Sequence 119
Shore-Based Preparations and Progress 120
Offshore Site Preparations and Progress 121
Seabed Scan 122
Cone Penetration Test 122
Core Drillings 122
Monitoring the Activities 123
Project Management Setup 124
What is Project Management? 124
How Does the PM Department Ideally Look? 128
Claims Management 131
Chapter Seven: Interface Management 140
The Main Interfaces and Accompanying Responsibilities 140
Contracting to an EPC Contractor 146
Contracting Heavy Lift Vessels 147
Heavy Lift Crane Vessel Contracting 147
Why is this an Oligopoly? 148
With What Contracting Structure is a Buyer Usually Presented? 148
Executing Contracts in this Category 151
DIY or Multicontracting 152
The Economy 152
Interfaces and Handover Documents 153
Chapter Eight: Health, Safety, and Environmental Management 170
Why HSE Management is Important 170
The Most Important Single Activity in a Project 171
The HSE Organization 171
The HSE Documentation Structure 172
Monitoring and Reporting 174
Auditing and Correcting Actions and Methods 175
Good Practice, Bad Practice, or Management Statement? 176
Management Statements 178
The HSE and National Authorities 180
Chapter Nine: Work Vessel Coordination 184
Organization Setup and Functions 184
VTTC Rules and Regulations 185
The Operations Center and the Work Carried Out 186
Traffic Coordination 186
Traffic Control 187
Guard Vessel 188
Organization of Surveillance 188
Chapter Ten: Logistics Solutions 192
Chapter Eleven: Commonly Used Installation Methods 198
Foundations 198
Gravity-Based Foundations 198
Installing Gravity-Based Foundations 199
Monopile Foundations 199
Jacket Foundations 203
Installing Jacket Foundations 205
Tripod Foundations 205
Installing Foundations 206
Transport for Foundation Installation 208
Securing Installed Foundations 210
Important Things to Consider 211
Harbor 211
Loading 211
Transport 211
During and After Departure 212
Installation Offshore 212
Positioning the Vessel and Wave and Current Conditions 213
Pros and Cons of the Different Methods 213
Chapter Twelve: Vessels and Transport to Offshore Installations 224
Types of Vessels 224
Self-Propelled Jack-up Vessels 225
Tug-Assisted and Self-Positioning Jack-Up Barges 225
Floating Equipment 226
Tradeoffs When Choosing a Particular Vessel 227
Example Vessel 228
Assessing Equipment 230
Basic Information 231
Type of Ship 231
Options 233
Ship Owner: Contract Partner, Vessel Operator 233
Use 233
Length Overall: Meters in Length 234
Beam: Width of the Vessel 234
Height 234
Maximum Draft 234
Operations and Bookings 235
Charter Costs 235
Minimum Charter Period 236
Mobilization and Demobilization Costs 236
Loading Capacity 237
Maximum Payload 237
Maximum Deck Area 238
Deck Area Shape and Layout 239
Preassembly 239
Open and Closed Deck Availability 240
The Lifting (Jack-Up) System 241
System or Type 241
Lifting Speed 241
Carrying Capacity 242
Number of Legs 243
Spudcan 243
Maximum Penetration Depth 244
Propulsion and Dynamic Positioning Systems 244
Propulsion System 244
Specifications 245
Performance 245
Service Speed 245
Crane Types 246
Maximum Lifting Capacity 246
Lifting Radius 246
Payload 247
Maximum Wind Velocity 247
Transit Mode 248
Maximum Wave Peak Period 248
Needed Visibility 248
Transit Velocity 249
G-forces Transmitted to Payload 249
Jacking Up and Jacking Down 250
Significant Wave Height 250
Maximum Wave Peak Period 250
Wind Velocity 251
Current Velocity 251
Needed Visibility 252
Lifting (Jacking) Speed 252
Maximum Water Depth 252
Type of Seabed 253
Waiting on Weather 253
People Transfer and Accommodations 254
Vessel Access to Wind Turbines 254
Installation Speed 254
Installation Envelope Per Year 255
Basic Information about Ports 255
Characteristics of the Ideal Port 256
Project Ports and How They Perform 256
Transport to and from the Port 256
A Port's Impact on the Project 257
Size and Layout of the Ideal Hub 257
Combination of Vessel and Port 258
Summary 259
Chapter Thirteen: Operation and Maintenance 264
Introduction 264
The Goal of the O& M Phase
Looking Back: What Have We Learned? 266
Developing Through Onshore 266
Why has the Change Been Required? 268
Asset Integrity Management 270
Moving to Offshore 271
Operations and Maintenance: Access Holds the Key 273
Exceedance and Persistence 273
Significant Wave Height 274
Accessing Wind Turbines: The Wind Turbine Structure 275
Positioning the Foundation Access System 276
Accessing Wind Turbine: Crew Transfer Vessels 277
15-18m Aluminum or Fiberglass Catamaran CTV 277
20-30m Steel Monohull Vessels 278
18-21m Catamaran CTV with Light Cargo Capability 278
16-20m SWATH Vessel 280
21-24m Catamaran CTV with Light Cargo Capability and Improved Performance 280
Other Vessels 281
Vessel Access Enhancers 283
BMT/Houlder Turbine Access System 283
OSBIT MaXccess System 283
Accessing Wind Turbine: Helicopters 284
Completing the Picture: Crane Vessels/Jack-up Vessel 288
Operations and Maintenance: The Support Facility 291
The Maintenance Facility 291
Management Systems 293
Marine Management and Supervision 293
Works Management Systems 293
Balance of Plant and Subsea Requirements 294
Introduction 294
Understanding Subsea Risk 295
Foundations: Monopile and Jacket Structure 295
Foundation: Transition Piece 295
Foundation: J Tubes 296
Subsea Cables 296
Onshore Shore Cables 296
Subsea Cable Protection 296
Cathodic Protection 296
Responding to Subsea Risks 297
Cable Depth of Burial Inspection 297
General Visual Inspection or Close Visual Inspection 297
Flooded Member Detection 297
Cathodic Protection Measurement Inspection 297
Multi-Beam Survey 298
Marine Growth Measurement Survey 298
Inspection and Survey Vessels and Costs 298
Delivering the Solution to Subsea Risks 298
The Written Scheme of Inspection 299
Operations and Maintenance: Resources 300
Operations and Maintenance: The Future 300
Accommodation Platforms 302
Mothership Solutions 302
Compensated Gangways 303
Intra Field Transfer Vessels 304
Chapter Fourteen: Project Criteria 306
Offshore Access Systems 306
Waves 308
Wind 310
Currents 310
Chapter Fifteen: Transporting Wind Turbines 314
Types of Transport Vessels 315
Monohull Vessels 317
Catamarans 317
SWATH Vessels 317
Liftboats 318
Transfer Systems 324
Available Systems 324
Offshore Access System 326
The Ampelmann 327
Chapter Sixteen: Deployment Strategies 332
Shared Access to Offshore Equipment 333
Using Helicopters 334
Additional Safety 336
Cost Model 336
Future Trends in the Service Vessel Industry 336
Crew Vessel Selection Criteria 337
Basic Information Relating to Crew Vessels 340
Type of Offshore Access System 340
OAS Owner 340
Country 340
Trading Distance 341
Fuel Consumption 341
Use 341
General Parameters 342
Beam or Width 342
Length 342
Transit Speed 342
Wind Speed (Limit) 343
Significant Wave Height 344
Weather Limits 344
Anchoring or Mooring System 344
Loading Capacity 345
Operations/Bookings 345
Waiting on Weather 346
Personnel Transfer and Accommodations Offshore 346
Chapter Seventeen: Repairing Offshore Wind Farms 348
How Does It Work? 349
Chapter Eighteen: Environmental and Other Issues 352
Protecting the Environment 352
Waste Management 354
Pollution Issues 356
The Working Environment 360
Piling Noise 360
Cofferdams 364
Proposed Method of Installing a Cofferdam Foundation 367
Installing Monopiles Using a Cofferdam 368
Installing Anchor Piles Using a Cofferdam 370
Conclusions About O& M Transport Systems
Vessels 374
Transfer Systems 375
Recommendations 376
Decommissioning of Wind Turbines 380
Permitting Phase Requirements 380
Arguments Often Presented 380
The Oil and Gas Perspective 383
Conclusion 384
Final Thoughts 386
Index 388
Preface
Why Do You Need This Book?
This book is the result of 14 years of learning by doing. Fourteen years ago, no one had installed wind farms offshore commercially. Test sites that had been or were installed—in Denmark predominantly—consisted of turbines up to 600 kW and were limited in number. In 2001, the first semicommercial wind farm consisting of 20 Bonus (now Siemens) 2.0-MW turbines was installed at the port entrance of Copenhagen on a sandbank known as Middelgrunden. Those turbines were the result of a private initiative among the residents of Copenhagen called “Middelgrundens Vindmøllelaug.” The initiative was backed by the utility “Københavns Energi A/S,” which signed the PPA (power purchase agreement) for the 20 turbines to supply power. This made construction of the wind farm possible and installation was started in 2000.
When the project was planned and executed, there were no set standards for offshore work, no programming of activities, and no legal framework that could regulate the activities concerning health, safety, and environmental (HSE) and the permitting of the project. All this was being developed as we moved forward. I wrote this book to record the findings, experiences, and methods that have proven solid enough to endure through the past 10 years of offshore construction and have formed the basis of lawmaking, setting of best practice standards, and HSE regulations for working in the wind farm industry offshore.
What is here represents a work in progress, this means that the data, the statements, and the findings are the best information I can give the reader at this point in time. Therefore, the book will be updated over the coming years, and new information and more authors will contribute data that can be of use in the process of installing an offshore wind farm. The intention is to create a robust basis for understanding the offshore wind farm industry. It is, however, also a book with some anecdotes from my years in the industry, and I hope it provides the reader with some food for thought. It is my belief that this is a more interesting way to learn and to remember data that can sometimes be boring. By giving them life, they will stay in one’s memory longer.
Who Should Read This Book?
This book is addressed to everyone involved in, or soon to be involved in, the offshore wind farm industry, whether a consultant, financier, engineer, or technician. It is designed to answer common questions that will be asked at the start, in the middle, and toward the end of a wind farm installation project.
The recorded experiences from the last 10 years will help point the professional in the right direction. It will also give the financing society a chance to ask the technical questions that are necessary to determine whether project planning and execution sound sensible and have been adequately thought through. The engineer will be able to plan without walking into the biggest and most obvious obstacles that are common in the process of installing an offshore wind farm.
The HSE professional will be able to figure out how to set up and execute the planning and monitoring of the processes from a safety point of view. The financier will be able to ask some more in-depth questions and certainly understand more of the process, the risks involved, and why the world looks different outside an office.
The intent is not to present “be all and end all” documentation but rather to provide a statement that the reader can use as a starting point for an offshore wind farm career. There is a huge need for more in-depth knowledge and information before the many statistics, hints, and fragments of advice can be of use. This is why one should start here and work through the knowledge base that is contained everywhere in the industry but, unfortunately, is scattered around the globe. The reader needs to locate and sort through the information in order to be able to work professionally. After reading this book, one should feel confident in one’s knowledge about wind farms.
How Does the Author Feel about Wind Farms?
It is important for the reader to understand the author’s context. Admittedly I am biased toward some ways of executing the offshore installation of foundations and turbines. Therefore, the recommendations and reservations in this book reflect my personal opinions. The recommendations and opinions are, of course, based on my years of experience in the industry.
It would be wrong, however, if I said that the methods and processes described here are the only valid ways of installing an offshore wind farm. So, whenever a method or process is described, I make an effort to document the shortcomings of all of the alternatives, as well as list other possible ways of carrying out the work. It is then up to the reader to decide which viewpoint to take toward the documentation and statements made in this book.
Let me emphasize, though, that the methods and processes described do work. Other solutions may work, too, and I make a sincere effort to state in unbiased terms the pros and cons of proposed alternatives. The litmus test that I will always apply to determine the viability of an alternative will be whether or not it is cost effective. I believe we can engineer almost anything. Many alternative methods proposed in the offshore wind farm industry are technically possible and exist in other industries—mainly offshore oil and gas. But the cost of these technologies and methods may prohibit them from being used in the offshore wind farm industry. I make a point of demonstrating this whenever I list the alternatives.
The reader should always keep an open mind about what is stated in this book. It is essential to understand that the focus is on the object—installing an offshore wind farm—but the point of view may be different depending on who one talks to in real life. Therefore, the statements and recommendations should serve only as guidelines—things that have been done before, methods that may change—and all of this is intended to prepare the reader for further study, real work, and a fact-based opinion about this industry.
What Can You Get Out of This Book?
After finishing this book, it is my hope that the reader will have an in-depth understanding of the offshore wind farm industry. One should be able to make major decisions to map out the main planning and execution route for an offshore wind farm project that one is working to complete.
The reader should know the best choices to make and the consequences they will involve. This is important because every time a component in the offshore environment is changed, repercussions could well reach beyond the single component being altered.
As such, the offshore environment can pose challenges that are different from the onshore environment. Why is this so? A good example is changing the size of the foundation due to poor ground conditions. Onshore you would ask the geotechnical engineer how much additional material to remove in order to get to a firm, stable ground. Once this is established, you can estimate how much extra concrete to pour in order to create the proper foundation for the turbine. This is fairly straightforward engineering and not really that complicated. It involves calculating amounts, an excavator, and additional time.
For the offshore wind farm, it is an entirely different beast. The first thing to ask for is an additional set of core drillings to establish how much the seabed varies and to what depth. This may very well change the entire foundation system to be used. As an example, the Baltic 2 project had such challenging ground conditions that it was necessary to install two entirely different types of foundations: monopiles and jackets. This was the result of the poor seabed conditions in the area. There is more to it however.
If the foundation or ground is different from the baseline set of characteristics, the entire iterative process of calculating the turbine–foundation interaction is different, and thereby the individual foundations need to be different. Furthermore, if the foundation is different—say, a jacket and a monopile—in the same wind farm offshore, it requires two sets of seafastening on the installation vessels, two types of hammers to drive piles, and so on. There are far-reaching consequences when greatly varying seabed conditions offshore are found compared to onshore.
This is why it is important to read and understand all of the factors of the various disciplines of an offshore wind farm project. The smallest component will change the larger system if it is important enough.
After reading this book, the reader should be able to make detailed plans and to understand and account for the many variables that will impact the project from start to finish. What is here is also intended to give the reader the opportunity to ask questions. The more that’s read, the more thoroughly one will be able to understand the industry, providing a continuously improving basis for forming one’s own opinion. That is the goal of the book: to inform and to facilitate discussion.
This is not a recipe book in which the reader can look up any question and easily find an answer; it is meant to provide readers with opportunities to start their own thinking process and to develop methods and answers. This is the place to look for hints, advice, stories, and a possible road map to follow to establish the most direct route to the successful installation of an offshore wind farm. I therefore suggest...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 10.7.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
| Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-409594-1 / 0124095941 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-409594-6 / 9780124095946 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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