Remote Sensing Applications in Environmental Research (eBook)

Foreword 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 10
Introduction 13
Part IClassical Remote Sensing Applications 17
1 Remote Sensing-Based Determination of Conifer Needle Flushing Phenology over Boreal-Dominant Regions 18
Abstract 18
1…Introduction 19
2…Materials and Methods 20
2.1 Description of the Study Area and Data Requirements 20
2.2 Generation of AGDD Maps 22
2.3 Determination of AGDD and NDWI Thresholds for CNG Occurrence 22
2.4 Integration of both AGDD and NDWI Threshold for CNG Occurrence 23
2.5 Mapping of CNF Using the Best Prediction Criteria 24
3…Results and Discussion 24
3.1 Determination of AGDD Threshold for CNF Occurrence 24
3.2 Determination of NDWI Thresholds for CNF Occurrence 26
3.3 Integration of both AGDD and NDWI Thresholds 27
3.4 Spatial Dynamics of CNF Across the Landscape 28
4…Concluding Remarks 29
Acknowledgements 30
References 30
2 Information System for Integrated Watershed Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS 32
Abstract 32
1…Introduction 33
1.1 Why Management of Natural Resources on Watershed Basis? 33
1.2 Role of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) in Watershed Management 34
1.3 Decision Support System in Watershed Management 35
1.4 Need for Advanced and Augmented Techniques for Watershed Management 36
2…Study Area 38
3…Conceptual Design 38
3.1 Data Used 39
3.2 Tools and Technologies Used 40
3.3 System Architecture 41
4…Online Generation and Implementation of WATMIS 41
5…Conclusion 45
References 46
3 Sensitivity Exploration of SimSphere Land Surface Model Towards Its Use for Operational Products Development from Earth Observation Data 50
Abstract 50
1…Introduction 51
2…Sensitivity Analysis: An Overview 52
3…Materials and Methods 55
3.1 SimSphere Model 55
3.2 The Bayesian GSA Method 56
3.3 BACCO Implementation 58
4…Results 60
4.1 Emulator Validation 60
4.2 SA Results 60
5…Discussion 62
6…Conclusions 68
Acknowledgments 68
References 68
4 Remote Estimation of Land Surface Temperature for Different LULC Features of a Moist Deciduous Tropical Forest Region 72
Abstract 72
1…Introduction 73
2…Materials and Methods 74
2.1 Study Area and Datasets 74
2.2 Image Interpretation for LULC 74
2.3 Surface Temperature Estimation 75
3…Results and Discussions 78
Acknowledgments 81
References 81
5 Geospatial Strategy for Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon in Tropical Wildlife Reserve 84
Abstract 84
1…Introduction 85
2…Materials and Methods 86
2.1 Study Area 86
2.2 Data Used 87
2.3 Image Interpretation 87
2.4 Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon 88
3…Results and Discussion 89
3.1 Land Use Land Cover Classification 89
3.2 Bare Soil Index 90
3.3 Soil Type Map 92
3.4 Soil Organic Carbon and Regression Analysis 94
4…Conclusion 95
Acknowledgment 96
References 96
Part IIAdvanced Remote Sensing Applications 99
6 A Comparative Assessment Between the Application of Fuzzy Unordered Rules Induction Algorithm and J48 Decision Tree Models in Spatial Prediction of Shallow Landslides at Lang Son City, Vietnam 100
Abstract 100
1…Introduction 101
2…Study Area and Spatial Database 102
2.1 Study Area Characteristics 102
2.2 Spatial Database 102
2.2.1 Landslide Inventory 102
2.2.2 Digital Elevation Model and Derivatives 104
2.3 Lithology and Distance to Faults 104
2.4 Land Use and Soil Type 104
3…Methodology 104
3.1 Training and Validation Dataset 104
3.2 Fuzzy Unordered Rules Induction Algorithm 107
3.3 Decision Tree 111
3.4 Bagging 112
3.5 Generation of Landslide Susceptibility Maps 114
4…Validation and Comparison of Landslide Susceptibility Models 115
4.1 Model Performance and Evaluation 115
4.2 Model Validation 118
4.3 Relative Contribution of the Conditioning Factors 119
5…Conclusion 120
Acknowledgement 122
References 122
7 Application of Geo-Spatial Technique for Flood Inundation Mapping of Low Lying Areas 125
Abstract 125
1…Introduction 126
2…Study Area and Datasets 127
2.1 Tapi Basin 127
2.2 Surat City 127
2.2.1 Geology and Soil Conditions 128
2.2.2 Ground Water Table 128
2.2.3 Climate 129
2.2.4 Temperature and Rainfall 129
2.2.5 Demography/Population in the Study Area 129
2.3 Hydraulic Structures at LTB 129
2.3.1 Ukai Dam 129
2.3.2 Kakrapar Weir 131
2.3.3 Singanpur Weir 132
2.4 Flood Event 2006 133
2.5 Data Collection 134
3…Methodology 134
4…Results and Discussion 136
5…Validation 140
6…Conclusion 141
Acknowledgments 141
References 141
8 Spatial Variations in Vegetation Fires and Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in South Asia 143
Abstract 143
1…Introduction 144
2…Data Sets and Methodology 146
2.1 Vegetation Fires 146
2.2 MOPITT CO Retrievals 146
2.3 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Aerosol Small Mode Fraction (SMAF) 147
2.4 Spatial Gridding, Ordinary Linear Regression (OLR) and Locally Weighted regression 147
3…Results and Discussion 149
Acknowledgements 158
References 158
9 Land Use Fragmentation Analysis Using Remote Sensing and Fragstats 162
Abstract 162
1…Introduction 163
2…Study Area 164
3…Materials and Methods 164
3.1 Classification of Satellite Data 164
3.2 Fragmentation Analysis 166
4…Result and Discussion 167
4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Distribution 167
4.2 Landscape Level Metrics 169
4.3 Class Level Metrics 170
4.4 Class Level Metric Analysis 178
4.5 Land Fragmented Class Analysis 181
4.6 Estimating Effects on Water Quality 183
5…Conclusion 185
Acknowledgments 185
References 185
10 Chlorophyll Retrieval Using Ground Based Hyperspectral Data from a Tropical Area of India Using Regression Algorithms 188
Abstract 188
1…Introduction 189
2…Materials and Methods 190
2.1 Field Experiment and Canopy Spectral Measurements 190
2.2 Data Analysis 191
2.3 Chlorophyll Estimation 192
2.4 Statistical Analysis 193
2.4.1 Descriptive Statistics 193
2.4.2 Regression Analysis 194
2.4.3 Paired t Test 195
3…Results and Discussion 195
3.1 Descriptive Statistics of the Data 195
3.2 Continuum Removal and REIP Evaluation 195
3.3 Calculation of Vegetation Indices 198
3.4 Relationship of Chlorophyll with Vegetation Indices 198
3.5 Sensitivity Analysis of the Empirical Relationships Developed 202
4…Conclusion 203
Acknowledgment 203
References 203
11 Remote Sensing Based Identification of Painted Rock Shelter Sites: Appraisal Using Advanced Wide Field Sensor, Neural Network and Field Observations 206
Abstract 206
1…Introduction 206
2…Material and Methodology 208
2.1 Study Area 208
2.2 Satellite and GIS Datasets 209
2.3 Classifiers/Algorithms Implemented in this Study 210
2.3.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 210
2.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) 212
3…Accuracy Assessment of the Classified Images 213
4…Results and Discussion 214
4.1 Land Covers Distribution and Accuracy Assessment 214
4.2 Interpretation of the Results and Archaeological Relevance 216
5…Conclusion 220
Acknowledgment 221
References 221