Thermal Insulation Handbook for the Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industries -  Alireza Bahadori

Thermal Insulation Handbook for the Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industries (eBook)

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2014 | 1. Auflage
416 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-12-800785-3 (ISBN)
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Thermal Insulation Handbook for the Oil and Gas Industries addresses relative design, materials, procedures, and standard installation necessities for various oil and gas infrastructure such as pipelines, subsea equipment, vessels, and tanks. With the continued increase in available natural gas ready to export - especially LNG - and the definition of 'deepwater' changing every year, an understanding of thermal insulation is more critical than ever. This one-of-a-kind handbook helps oil and gas engineers ensure that their products are exporting safely and that the equipment's integrity is protected. Topics include:

  • Design considerations and component selection, including newer materials such as cellular glass
  • Methods to properly install the insulation material and notable inspection and safety considerations in accordance with applicable US and international standards, specifically designed for the oil and gas industry
  • Calculations to make sure that every scenario is considered and requirements for size, composition, and packaging are met effectively

  • Understand all appropriate, new and existing, insulation material properties as well as installation requirements
  • Gain practical knowledge on factors affecting insulation efficiency, rules of thumb, and links to real-world case studies
  • Maximize flow assurance safely and economically with critical calculations provided


Alireza Bahadori, Ph.D., is a research staff member in the School of Environment, Science and Engineering at Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia. He received his Ph.D. from Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.During the past twenty years, Dr. Bahadori has held various process and petroleum engineering positions and was involved in many large-scale projects at National Iranian Oil Co. (NIOC), Petroleum Development Oman (PDO), and Clough AMEC PTY LTD. He is the author of 250 articles and 12 books. His books have been published by multiple major publishers, including Elsevier.
Dr. Bahadori is the recipient of the highly competitive and prestigious Australian Government's Endeavor International Postgraduate Research Award as part of his research in oil and gas area. He also received a Top-Up Award from the State Government of Western Australia through Western Australia Energy Research Alliance (WA:ERA) in 2009. Dr. Bahadori serves as a member of the editorial board and reviewer for a large number of journals. He was honored by Elsevier to be an outstanding author of the Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering in 2009.
Thermal Insulation Handbook for the Oil and Gas Industries addresses relative design, materials, procedures, and standard installation necessities for various oil and gas infrastructure such as pipelines, subsea equipment, vessels, and tanks. With the continued increase in available natural gas ready to export - especially LNG - and the definition of "e;deepwater"e; changing every year, an understanding of thermal insulation is more critical than ever. This one-of-a-kind handbook helps oil and gas engineers ensure that their products are exporting safely and that the equipment's integrity is protected. Topics include: Design considerations and component selection, including newer materials such as cellular glass Methods to properly install the insulation material and notable inspection and safety considerations in accordance with applicable US and international standards, specifically designed for the oil and gas industry Calculations to make sure that every scenario is considered and requirements for size, composition, and packaging are met effectively Understand all appropriate, new and existing, insulation material properties as well as installation requirements Gain practical knowledge on factors affecting insulation efficiency, rules of thumb, and links to real-world case studies Maximize flow assurance safely and economically with critical calculations provided

Design Considerations


Below is a discussion of parameters that must be considered when designing insulation materials.

Location


 Whether indoors, outdoors but protected, outdoors exposed to weather, enclosed in ducts or trenches below ground level, underground and/or underwater
 Difficult or unusual site conditions that will influence the selection or application of insulating materials, or both, e.g., in regard to transport, scaffolding, weather protection or excessive humidity
 Type of material to be insulated, with details of special or unusual materials.

Dimensions of Surfaces


If these are adequately detailed on drawings (preferably colored to indicate areas to be insulated), the provision of copies of the drawings may be sufficient; otherwise detailed information will be required, e.g.,
 Surface dimensions of flat or large curved areas
 External diameters of pipes
 Lengths of each size of pipe
 Number and type of pipe fittings, e.g., flanged joints, valves, tees, expansion bends.

Temperature Conditions


 Normal working temperature for each portion of the plant to be insulated
 Maximum temperature for each hot surface, if higher than the normal working temperature
 Ambient temperature: where a specified temperature is required on the outer surface of the insulation.
A specified temperature on the surface of the insulation may be required for the following:
 To protect personnel, e.g., local insulation of hot pipes
 To provide comfortable conditions at certain locations, e.g., at control panels and in operating galleries
 To provide a means of indicating the effectiveness of the insulation. This should generally be avoided, as the surface temperature will depend upon the diameter over the insulation, on the ambient conditions, and on the nature of the outer surface.
 Pipes of small diameter will show relatively low surface temperatures, but high rates of heat loss; air flow over the outer surface will tend to reduce the surface temperature but will increase the rate of heat loss; a polished metal surface will show appreciable increase in surface temperature compared with a nonmetallic finish, although the rate of heat loss will be reduced.
 It may be necessary also to give the conditions of ambient air for which the surface temperature is to be calculated, e.g., the velocity of air passing over the surface.
 Normally, the theoretical heat loss will be based on the manufacturer’s declared value of thermal conductivity and, unless otherwise stated, it will refer to conditions of ambient still air at 20°C.
 When making use of theoretical figures, therefore, allowance has to be made for the effect of the ambient conditions at the site and for supplementary heat loss that will occur through supports, hangers, valve control wheels, and other fittings. As it is extremely difficult to measure with accuracy either the surface temperature or the heat loss from the surface of the insulation under site conditions, some reservation should be made when interpreting site measurements.
 Any requirement to prevent condensation on the warm face of an insulated pipe or vessel containing cold media.
 Details of any pipework sections that are to be trace heated, of the trace-heating method, and of the arrangements of insulation required
 Details of any sections to be left uninsulated to facilitate testing, e.g., welded and flanged joints
 Confirmation, with details, that heat will be available in insulated pipework for drying out any plastic insulating material or finishing composition.

Preparation of Surfaces


Requirements for the preparation of surfaces, including special requirements, e.g., for the removal of works-applied protective paint or lacquer, or for the application at the site of paint or other protective coating to the surface to be insulated, should be clearly stated.

Type of Insulation Required


There are two types of insulation required:
 Main insulation for each portion of a plant, e.g., preformed, plastic composition, flexible, loosefill, insulating concrete
 Insulation for bends, flanges, valves, hangers, and other fittings.

Type of Finish Required


The finish required could include, for example, hard-setting composition or self-setting cement, weatherproofing compound, or sheet metal.

Special Service Requirements


This could include, for example, resistance to compression, resistance to fire, and resistance to abnormal vibration. If there is any special hazard from contact with chemicals or oils in the plant, attention should be drawn to this.

Basis on Which the Thickness of Insulation Is Determined


 Specified temperature on outer surface of insulation
 Specified heat loss per unit dimension, linear or superficial
 If the economic thickness must be considered, the following additional information will be necessary:
 Cost of heat to be used for calculation purposes, e.g., dollar per useful megajoule
 Evaluation period (working hours)
 Whether or not the cost of the finish is to be included in the calculation
 Specified temperature conditions for the surfaces to be insulated. Insulation to provide specified conditions at the boundary surfaces of the containment system may be required for reasons such as:
 To avoid differential thermal expansion between the insulated surface and adjacent structures
 To prevent condensation of moisture on the internal surfaces of the containment system, e.g., in waste gas flues
 To prevent the condensation of moisture on the external surface of insulated plant containing cold media
 To ensure that the walls of the containment system are not subjected to excessive temperatures
 Specified conditions of fluid at point of delivery
 Special thickness requirements.

Information to Be Supplied by the Manufacturers of Insulation


 The manufacturer’s declared value of thermal conductivity appropriate to the temperature of use, plus the corresponding bulk density. The manufacturer’s declared value should include any necessary commercial tolerances. When the thermal conductivity is liable to change on aging, the aged value should be stated.
 Limitations of use, physical and chemical
 The overall thickness, with details of the thickness of the individual layers
 Information regarding the surface preparation
 The appropriate section of the code (to be specified) with which the following are in accord:
 Insulating material
 Reinforcement (if any)
 Fixing devices and finishes.

Types and Application


 Temperature ranges
    Insulation can be classified into three groups according to the temperature ranges for which they are used.
 Low-temperature insulation (up to 90°C)
    This range covers insulating materials for refrigerators, cold and hot water systems, storage tanks, etc. The commonly used materials are cork, wood, 85% magnesia, mineral fibers, polyurethane and expanded polystyrene, etc.
 Medium-temperature insulation (90–325°C)
    Insulators in this range are used in low-temperature heating and steam raising equipment, steam lines, flue ducts, etc. The types of materials used in this temperature range include 85% magnesia, asbestos, calcium silicate, mineral fibers, etc.
 High-temperature insulation (325°C and above)
    Typical uses of such materials are superheated steam systems, oven dryers, furnaces, etc. The most extensively used materials in this range are asbestos, calcium silicate, mineral fibers, mica- and vermiculite-based insulation, fireclay- or silica-based insulation, and ceramic...

Erscheint lt. Verlag 14.3.2014
Sprache englisch
Themenwelt Naturwissenschaften Physik / Astronomie
Technik Bauwesen
Technik Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik
ISBN-10 0-12-800785-0 / 0128007850
ISBN-13 978-0-12-800785-3 / 9780128007853
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