Basic Organic Chemistry for the Life Sciences

lt;p>Preface

Introduction

1. ALKANES, COMPOSITION, CONSTITUTION, AND CONFIGURATION
1.1. About Nomenclature
1.2. Configuration, and Shape of Molecules
1.3. Molecular Dynamics and Conformations
1.4. Cycloalkanes
1.4.1. Cyclohexane
1.4.2. Cyclopentane
1.4.3. Cyclobutane and Cyclopropane
1.5. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

2. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

3. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
3.1. Covalent Bonds
3.2. Molecular Orbitals
3.3. Electron Density Distribution and the Shape of Molecules
3.4. Bond Energy, Bond Lengths, and Molecular Vibrations
3.5. Determination of the Organic Molecular Structure by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

4. ALKENES AND ALKYNES
4.1. Constitution and Nomenclature
4.2. Configurations of Alkenes
4.3. Electronic Structure and Reactions of Alkenes
4.4. Addition Reactions on Alkenes, and the Reaction Mechanism Concept
4.5. Additions of Hydrogen Halides
4.6. Oxidations and Polymerization of Alkenes
4.7. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
4.8. Hydrocarbons in Biology

5. SUBSTITUTIONS ON SATURATED CARBON ATOM; Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Amines
5.1. Substitutions of radicals
5.1.1. Alkyl halides
5.1.2. Polarity of Bonds and Dipole Moment
5.2. Nucleophilic Substitutions and eliminations
5.2.1. Reaction Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitutions
5.2.2. Alcohols
5.2.3. Ethers
5.2.4. Thiols and Sulfides
5.2.5. Amines

6. NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITIONS; Compounds with Carbonyl Group
6.1. Aldehydes and Ketones
6.1.1. Carbon as Nucleophile
6.1.2. Condensations with Amines, Imines
6.1.3. Reductions of Aldehydes and Ketones
6.2. Carboxylic Acids

7. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYMMETRY, AND MOLECULAR CHIRALITY

8. DERIVATIVES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
8.1. Anhydrides
8.2. Esters, Nucleophilic Substitution on the Unsaturated Carbon
8.3. Acyl Halides
8.4. Amides

9. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONS
9.1. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
9.2. Orientations of Substituents in Aromatic Substitutions

10. CYCLOADDITIONS

11. ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS
11.1. Amino acids and peptides
11.2. Carbohydrates
11.2.1. Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharide Molecules
11.2.2. Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
11.3. Glycosides and nucleotides
11.4. Lipids
11.4.1. Waxes
11.4.2. Fats
11.4.3. Phospholipids
11.4.4. Terpenes and Steroids
11.4.4.1. Terpenes as Secondary Metabolites
11.5. Alkaloids
11.6. Organic and bioorganic reactions

INDEX