Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXVI (eBook)

Dedication 6
Preface 8
Acknowledgements 10
Panel of Reviewers 12
Local Organizing Committee: The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth 16
Scientific Advisory Committee 18
ISOTT Officers and Executive Committee 20
ISOTT Award Winners 22
The Melvin H. Knisely Award 22
Melvin H. Knisely Award Recipients 22
The Dietrich W. Lübbers Award 23
Dietrich W. Lübbers Award Recipients 23
The Britton Chance Award 24
Britton Chance Award Recipients 24
The Duane F. Bruley Travel Awards 24
Duane F. Bruley Award Recipients 25
Kovach Lecture 25
Kovach Lecture Recipients 
25 
Contents 26
Chapter 1: Mitochondrial Genetic Abnormalities After Radiation Exposure 32
1 Introduction 33
2 Methods 33
3 Results 34
4 Discussion 36
5 Conclusion 37
References 38
Chapter 2: Crediting Six Discoverers of Oxygen 39
Chapter 3: Hypoxia in Tumors: Pathogenesis-Related Classification, Characterization of Hypoxia Subtypes, and Associated Biological and Clinical Implications 48
1 Introduction 49
2 Chronic Hypoxia 49
3 Acute Hypoxia 50
4 Hypoxia-Associated Biological and Clinical Implications 51
5 Conclusions 52
References 52
Chapter 4: Heterogeneity in Tissue Oxygenation: From Physiological Variability in Normal Tissues to Pathophysiological Chaos in Malignant Tumours 54
1 Heterogeneity of Blood Flow 55
2 Heterogeneity of Oxygen Supply: The Tissue pO 2 Histogram 56
3 Physiological Response of Tissue O 2 Supply 56
4 Pathological Responses of Tissue O 2 Supply in Normal Microvasculature and in Malignant Tumours 57
5 Conclusions 59
References 59
Chapter 5: Oxygen Diffusion: An Enzyme-Controlled Variable Parameter 61
1 Introduction 62
2 Methods 63
3 Results 63
4 Discussion 67
5 Conclusion 68
References 68
Chapter 6: Role of Microvascular Shunts in the Loss of Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation 70
1 Introduction 71
2 Methods 72
2.1 Two Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy Studies 72
2.1.1 Microvascular Shunting by Increasing Intracranial Pressure 72
2.1.2 Increasing CPP Attenuates the Transition from Capillary Flow to Microvascular Shunts with Increasing ICP 73
2.2 Multimodal Monitoring System in Patients 73
3 Results 73
4 Discussion 74
5 Conclusions 75
References 76
Chapter 7: Impact of Hypoxia-Related Tumor Acidosis on Cytotoxicity of Different Chemotherapeutic Drugs In Vitro and In Vivo 77
1 Introduction 78
2 Material and Methods 78
2.1 Cell Lines 78
2.2 Chemotherapy 79
2.3 Forcing Glycolytic Metabolism 79
2.4 Measurement of Apoptosis Induction and Cell Survival 79
3 Results 80
4 Discussion 82
References 83
Chapter 8: The Founding of ISOTT: The Shamattawa of Engineering Science and Medical Science 85
1 The Merging of Engineering and Medical Sciences 85
References 89
Chapter 9: A Tale of Two Methods: Combining Near-­Infrared Spectroscopy with MRI for Studies of Brain Oxygenation and Metabolism 90
1 Introduction 91
2 Fiber Optics and MRI, the Issues and Solutions to Multimodality Imaging 92
3 Advantages of Combining NIRS and MRI 92
4 Studying Cellular Redox Potential 92
5 Measuring Brain Oxidative State in Hypoxia 93
6 Measuring Cerebral Metabolic Rate for Oxygen (CMRO 2) in Hypoxia-Ischemia 94
7 Conclusion 95
References 95
Chapter 10: Advances in Probes and Methods for Clinical EPR Oximetry 97
1 Introduction 98
2 Probes for Clinical EPR Oximetry 98
2.1 India Ink 98
2.2 High-Sensitive Crystalline Probes 99
2.3 Polymer-Encapsulated High-Sensitive Crystalline Probes for Safe Use in Humans 99
2.4 Implantable Oxygen Sensors (ImOS) for Deep-Tissue Oximetry 99
2.5 Multisite Oximetry 100
3 First Clinical Oximetry Data 100
4 Conclusion 102
References 102
Chapter 11: Real-Time, In Vivo Determination of Dynamic Changes in Lung and Heart Tissue Oxygenation Using EPR Oximetry 104
1 Introduction 105
2 Methods 105
2.1 Fabrication of Implantable Resonators 105
2.2 Implantation of Resonators for Heart and Lung Oximetry 105
2.3 EPR Oximetry Measurements 106
3 Results and Discussion 107
4 Conclusion 109
References 109
Chapter 12: Modulation of Hypoxia by Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia to Augment Therapeutic Index 110
1 Introduction 111
2 Methods 112
2.1 Cell Lines and Culture 112
2.2 Murine Model of Breast Cancer 112
2.3 Magnetic NPH and Temperature Measurements 112
2.4 EPR Oximetry 113
2.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 113
2.6 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 114
2.7 Statistical Analysis 114
3 Results 114
4 Conclusions 115
References 118
Chapter 13: Skeletal Muscle and Glioma Oxygenation by Carbogen Inhalation in Rats: A Longitudinal Study by EPR Oximetry Using Single-Probe Implantable Oxygen Sensors 119
1 Introduction 120
2 Methods 121
2.1 Single-Probe Implantable Oxygen Sensors 121
2.2 Animal Preparation 122
2.2.1 Tumor Model and Implantation of ImOS into the Skeletal Muscle and 9L Tumors 122
2.2.2 Hyperoxia Challenge 122
2.3 EPR Oximetry 122
2.4 Histological Analysis 123
2.5 Statistical Analysis 123
3 Results 123
4 Discussion 123
References 125
Chapter 14: Recurrent Low-Dose Chemotherapy to Inhibit and Oxygenate Head and Neck Tumors 126
1 Introduction 127
2 Methods 127
2.1 Head and Neck Tumor Xenografts and Experimental Groups 127
2.2 In Vivo EPR Oximetry 128
2.3 Immunohistochemistry Analysis of the Tumors 128
2.4 Statistical Analysis 128
3 Results 129
4 Conclusions 131
References 131
Chapter 15: How In Vivo EPR Measures and Images Oxygen 133
1 Spin Probe 133
2 Imaging Methods 134
2.1 Projection-Based Reconstruction 135
2.2 Single Point Imaging 136
2.3 Pulse Sequences and 4D Images 136
3 Importance of Spin-Lattice Relaxation Imaging 138
4 Conclusions 138
References 138
Chapter 16: What We Learn from In Vivo EPR Oxygen Images 140
1 Introduction 141
2 Methods 141
3 Results 142
4 Discussion and Conclusions 143
References 145
Chapter 17: EPR Image Based Oxygen Movies for Transient Hypoxia 146
1 Introduction 147
2 Methods 147
2.1 Maximally Spaced Projection Sequencing 147
2.2 Principal Component Analysis Filtering 148
3 Results 148
3.1 Maximally Spaced Projection Sequencing 148
3.2 Principal Component Analysis Filtering 149
4 Discussion and Conclusions 150
References 151
Chapter 18: Repetitive Measurements of Intrarenal Oxygenation In Vivo Using L Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 153
1 Introduction 154
2 Methods 154
2.1 Animals 155
2.2 LiPc Probe Preparations 155
2.3 Insertion of Probes into Renal Tissue 155
2.4 In Vivo Measurements with L Band EPR 155
2.5 Statistical Analysis 156
3 Results 156
4 Conclusions 156
References 159
Chapter 19: Quantitative Hypoxia Imaging for Treatment Planning of Radiotherapy 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Treatment Planning Based on Tumour Oxygenation 161
3 Role of EPR Oximetry in PET Hypoxia Calibration for Treatment Planning Based on Tumour Oxygenation 162
4 Conclusions 164
References 164
Chapter 20: A New Flavonoid Regulates Angiogenesis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production 166
1 Introduction 167
2 Methods 167
3 Results 168
4 Discussion 170
5 Conclusion 171
References 172
Chapter 21: Angiotensin II Reduces Transport-Dependent Oxygen Consumption but Increases Transport-Independent Oxygen Consumption in Immortalized Mouse Proximal Tubular Cells 173
1 Introduction 174
2 Material and Methods 175
3 Results 175
4 Discussion 176
References 178
Chapter 22: Investigation of Cerebral Autoregulation in the Newborn Piglet During Anaesthesia and Surgery 180
1 Introduction 181
2 Methods 182
3 Data Analysis 182
4 Results 183
5 Discussion 184
References 185
Chapter 23: Influence of the Maternal Use of Labetalol on the Neurogenic Mechanism for Cerebral Autoregulation Assessed by Means of NIRS 187
1 Introduction 188
2 Methods 188
3 Results 189
4 Discussion and Conclusion 191
References 192
Chapter 24: Development of a Near Infrared Multi- Wavelength, Multi-Channel, Time-Resolved Spectrometer for Measuring Brain Tissue Haemodynamics and Metabolism 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Instrumentation and Methods 195
3 Results 198
4 Conclusion 198
References 199
Chapter 25: Simulating NIRS and MRS Measurements During Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischaemia in Piglets Using a Computational Model 200
1 Introduction 201
2 Experimental Methods and Protocol 201
3 Group Analysis of Measurements 202
4 Model 202
5 Results 202
6 Discussion 205
References 206
Chapter 26: Analysis of Slow Wave Oscillations in Cerebral Haemodynamics and Metabolism Following Subarachnoid Haemorrhage 208
1 Introduction 209
2 Methods 209
3 Results 210
4 Discussion 211
References 213
Chapter 27: Effects of Enriched Environment on Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Death and Neurogenesis in Rat Global Ischemia 215
1 Introduction 216
2 Methods 216
3 Results 217
4 Discussion 219
References 220
Chapter 28: Automated Image Analysis for Diameters and Branching Points of Cerebral Penetrating Arteries and Veins Captured with Two-Photon Microscopy 221
1 Introduction 222
2 Methods 222
2.1 Animal Experiments 222
2.2 Image Analysis 223
3 Results and Discussion 224
3.1 Vessel Diameters of Penetrating Arteries and Emerging Veins 224
3.2 Branching Points of Penetrating Arteries and Emerging Veins 226
4 Conclusions 226
References 227
Chapter 29: Cerebral Hemodynamic Change and Metabolic Alteration in Severe Hemorrhagic Shock 228
1 Introduction 229
2 Materials and Methods 230
3 Results and Discussion 231
4 Conclusions 233
References 233
Chapter 30: Physiological Mechanism of Increase in Deoxy- hemoglobin Concentration During Neuronal Activation in Patients with Cerebral Ischemia: A Simulation Study with the Balloon Model 235
1 Introduction 236
2 Methods 236
2.1 The Balloon Model 236
2.2 Simulation of Ischemia 237
3 Results 239
4 Discussion 240
References 241
Chapter 31: Effect of Blood in the Cerebrospinal Fluid on the Accuracy of Cerebral Oxygenation Measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy 242
1 Introduction 243
2 Material and Methods 243
2.1 The Head Model 243
2.2 Optical Properties of the Head and Cerebrospinal Fluid 244
2.3 Forward Modeling and Measurement of Sensitivity 245
3 Results 246
4 Discussion and Conclusion 247
References 248
Chapter 32: Vessel Specific Imaging of Glucose Transfer with Fluorescent Glucose Analogue in Anesthetized Mouse Cortex 250
1 Introduction 251
2 Methods 251
2.1 Experiments 251
2.2 Image Analysis 252
3 Results and Discussion 253
3.1 Time–Intensity Curve of 2-NBDG 253
3.2 Spatiotemporal Evolution of the 2-NBDG from Blood to Tissue Compartments 254
4 Conclusions 255
References 255
Chapter 33: Ischemic Pretreatment Delays Ischemic Brain Vasospasm Injury in Gerbils 256
1 Introduction 256
2 Methods 257
2.1 Experiment 1 257
2.2 Experiment 2 257
2.3 Experiment 3 257
3 Results 258
3.1 Effects of Ischemia on Vasoconstriction 258
3.2 Effect of Ischemia Time on Postischemic Recovery of Physiologic Parameters 259
3.3 Effect of Ischemic Pretreatment on Tissue Oxygenation and Tissue Damage 259
4 Discussion 261
References 261
Chapter 34: Changes in Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Induced by Active Standing Test in Children with POTS and NMS 262
1 Introduction 263
2 Methods 263
2.1 Statistical Analysis 264
3 Results 265
3.1 Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow During Standing 265
3.2 Changes in Cerebral Blood Oxygenation 265
4 Discussion 268
References 270
Chapter 35: Optical Imaging of Brain Activation in Gambian Infants 271
1 Introduction 272
2 Methods 272
2.1 Data Acquisition Protocol 272
2.2 Image Reconstruction 273
3 Results 274
4 Conclusions 276
References 277
Chapter 36: Asymmetrical Changes in Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Induced by an Active Standing Test in Children with Postural Tachycardia Syndrome 278
1 Introduction 279
2 Methods 279
3 Results 281
4 Discussion 283
4.1 Study Limitations 284
References 284
Chapter 37: Changes of Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Saturation at Sleep Transitions in Adolescents 286
1 Introduction 287
2 Methods 287
2.1 Subjects 287
2.2 NIRS Measurement 288
2.3 Post-processing 288
2.4 Statistics 289
3 Results 290
4 Discussion and Conclusions 290
References 291
Chapter 38: Influence of Subjective Happiness on the Prefrontal Brain Activity: An fNIRS Study 293
1 Introduction 293
2 Methods 294
2.1 Subjects 294
2.2 Evaluation Method 294
2.2.1 Subjective Happiness 294
2.2.2 Measurements of Brain Activity 295
2.3 Experimental Procedures Stimuli 295
3 Results 296
3.1 Relationship Between NIRS Signals and SH 296
3.2 Relationship Between SAM and SH 297
4 Discussion 297
4.1 Difference Between Left and Right PFC Functions 297
4.2 Difference in Time 298
5 Conclusions 298
References 298
Chapter 39: Ginkobiloba Extract Improves Working Memory Performance in Middle-Aged Women: Role of Asymmetry of Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Working Memory Task 300
1 Introduction 301
2 Methods 301
2.1 Experimental Protocol 301
2.2 Data Analysis 302
3 Results 302
4 Discussion 303
References 305
Chapter 40: Bayesian Prediction of Anxiety Level in Aged People at Rest Using 2-Channel NIRS Data from Prefrontal Cortex 307
1 Introduction 308
2 Materials and Methods 308
2.1 Experimental Settings 308
2.2 NIRS Data 309
2.3 Prediction 309
2.3.1 Prediction Flow 309
2.3.2 Prediction Algorithm 310
3 Results 310
4 Discussion 312
References 312
Chapter 41: Short-Term Hypoxic Preconditioning Improved Survival Following Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Rats 313
1 Introduction 314
2 Methods 314
2.1 Animals and Hypoxic Preconditioning 314
2.2 Induction of Transient Global Brain Ischemia 314
2.3 Hippocampal Neuron Counts 315
3 Results 315
3.1 Physiological Variables 315
3.2 Overall Survival Following Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation 316
3.3 Hippocampal Neuronal Death Following Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation 316
4 Discussion 317
References 318
Chapter 42: Venular Valves and Retrograde Perfusion 320
1 Introduction 321
2 Formulation for a Cylindrical Model 322
3 Confirmation of the Formulation Using Published Data 323
4 Consideration of a Hemispherical Model for the Bicuspid Valves 324
5 Discussion 324
6 Conclusion 325
References 325
Chapter 43: Monitoring of Filter Patency During Carotid Artery Stenting Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with High Time-Resolution 327
1 Introduction 328
2 Methods 328
3 Results 330
4 Discussion 332
5 Conclusions 333
References 333
Chapter 44: Use of NIRS to Assess Effect of Training on Peripheral Muscle Oxygenation Changes in Elite Rugby Players Performing Repeated Supramaximal Cycling Tests 334
1 Introduction 335
2 Methods 335
2.1 Experimental Overview 335
2.1.1 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements 336
3 Results 336
4 Conclusions 339
References 340
Chapter 45: Skeletal Muscle Deoxygenation Responses During Treadmill Exercise in Children 341
1 Introduction 342
2 Methods 342
2.1 Subjects 342
2.2 Experimental Design 343
2.3 Statistics 343
3 Results 343
4 Discussion 345
References 346
Chapter 46: Development of a Hybrid Microwave-Optical Thermoregulation Monitor for the Muscle 347
1 Introduction 348
2 Material and Methods 348
2.1 Microwave Applicator Design 348
2.2 The Biological Thermal Model 349
2.3 The Optical Probe 349
2.4 In Vivo Experiment Protocol 350
3 Results and Discussion 351
4 Conclusions 352
References 353
Chapter 47: Evaluation of a Textile-Based Near Infrared Spectroscopy System in Calf Muscle Oxygenation Measurements 354
1 Introduction 355
2 Materials and Methods 355
2.1 Textile-Based NIRS Sensor (TexNIRS) 355
2.2 Subjects 356
2.3 Study Protocol 357
3 Results 357
4 Discussion and Conclusion 357
References 359
Chapter 48: Skin Temperature in Lower Hind Limb Subjected to Distal Vein Arterialization in Rats 360
1 Introduction 360
1.1 Methods 361
2 Results 363
2.1 Effects of DVA on Skin Temperature with Valve Destruction in the Femoral Vein only (DVAfem) 363
2.2 Effects of DVA with Valve Disruption Throughout the Whole Length of the Femoral and Popliteal Veins (DVAfem/popl) 364
3 Discussion 365
3.1 General Aspects 365
3.2 Skin Temperature on the Medial Thigh 365
3.3 Skin Temperature Distal to the Knee in DVAfem 366
3.4 Skin Temperature Distal to the Knee in DVAfem/popl 366
4 Conclusion 366
References 366
Index 368