Physics for Students of Science and Engineering is a calculus-based textbook of introductory physics. The book reviews standards and nomenclature such as units, vectors, and particle kinetics including rectilinear motion, motion in a plane, relative motion. The text also explains particle dynamics, Newton's three laws, weight, mass, and the application of Newton's laws. The text reviews the principle of conservation of energy, the conservative forces (momentum), the nonconservative forces (friction), and the fundamental quantities of momentum (mass and velocity). The book examines changes in momentum known as impulse, as well as the laws in momentum conservation in relation to explosions, collisions, or other interactions within systems involving more than one particle. The book considers the mechanics of fluids, particularly fluid statics, fluid dynamics, the characteristics of fluid flow, and applications of fluid mechanics. The text also reviews the wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle, the probabilistic interpretation of microscopic particles (such as electrons), and quantum theory. The book is an ideal source of reference for students and professors of physics, calculus, or related courses in science or engineering.
Front Cover 1
Physics for Students of Science and Engineering 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Introduction 14
1.1 Physics and the Scientific Method 14
1.2 Units 15
1.3 Vectors 18
1.4 Problem-Solving: A Strategy 29
Chapter 2. Particle Kinematics 36
2.1 Motion Along a Straight Line
36
2.2 Motion in a Plane 44
2.3 Relative Motion 51
2.4 Problem-Solving Summary 54
Chapter 3. Force and Motion: Particle
62
3.1 Newton's First Law 62
3.2 Newton's Second Law 63
3.3 Newton's Third Law 65
3.4 Weight and Mass 66
3.5 Applications of Newton's Laws 67
3.6 Problem-Solving Summary 77
Chapter 4. Further Application of
86
4.1 Friction 86
4.2 Dynamics of Circular Motion 93
4.3 Law of Universal Gravitation 96
4.4 Static Equilibrium 101
4.5 Problem-Solving Summary 109
Chapter 5. Work, Power, and Energy 122
5.1 Work 122
5.2 Power 128
5.3 Energy 130
5.4 Conservation of Energy 137
5.5 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 141
5.6 Problem-Solving Summary 146
Chapter 6. Momentum and Collisions 158
6.1 Center of Mass 158
6.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum 162
6.3 Collisions 166
6.4 Problem-Solving Summary 179
Chapter 7. Rotational Motion 186
7.1 Rotation About a Fixed Axis 186
7.2 Simultaneous Translation and Rotation 203
7.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum 209
7.4 Problem-Solving Summary 212
Chapter 8. Oscillations 223
8.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 223
8.2 Damped and Forced Oscillations 236
8.3 Problem-Solving Summary 239
Chapter 9. Mechanics of Fluids 247
9.1 The Fluid State 247
9.2 Fluid Statics 248
9.3 Fluid Dynamics 261
9.4 Problem-Solving Summary 270
Chapter 10. Heat and Thermodynamics 278
10.1 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature 278
10.2 Heat and Calorimetry 284
10.3 Thermodynamics 290
10.4 Problem-Solving Summary 312
Chapter 11. Electric Charge and
322
11.1 Electric Charge and Coulomb's Law 322
11.2 Electric Field 335
11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in an
337
11.4 Problem-Solving Summary 340
Chapter 12. Calculation of Electric
347
12.1 Electric Fields of Point Charges 347
12.2 Electric Fields of Continuous Charge
350
12.3 Electric Flux and Gauss's Law 354
12.4 Electrostatic Properties of Conductors 368
12.5 Problem-Solving Summary 372
Chapter 13. Electric Potential 380
13.1 Electric Potential and Electric Fields 380
13.2 Electric Potential of Point Charges 386
13.3 Electric Potential of Continuous Charge
388
13.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Charged
393
13.5 Electrostatic Potential Energy of Charge
396
13.6 Problem-Solving Summary 399
Chapter 14. Capacitance, Current, and
407
14.1 Capacitance 407
14.2 Current and Resistance 418
14.3 Energetics of Resistors and Capacitors 425
14.4 Problem-Solving Summary 429
Chapter 15. Direct-Current Circuits 437
15.1 Energy Reservoirs in DC Circuits 437
15.2 Analysis of DC Circuits with Steady
439
15.3 RC Circuits 449
15.4 Problem-Solving Summary 455
Chapter 16. Magnetic Fields I 465
16.1 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges 465
16.2 The Biot-Savart Law 473
16.3 Gauss's Law for Magnetic Fields and Ampère's Law 479
16.4 Applications 483
16.5 Problem-Solving Summary 488
Chapter 17. Magnetic Fields II 497
17.1 Induced Emf 497
17.2 Inductance 506
17.3 LR Circuits 514
17.4 Magnetic Media 519
17.5 Maxwell's Equations 523
17.6 Problem-Solving Summary 524
Chapter 18. Electromagnetic Oscillations 533
18.1 Alternating-Current Circuits 533
18.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 548
18.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 551
18.4 Problem-Solving Summary 553
Chapter 19. Wave Motion and Sound 561
19.1 Traveling Waves 561
19.2
573
19.3 Sound Waves 581
19.4 Sound and Human Hearing 591
19.5 Problem-Solving Summary 594
Chapter 20. Light: Geometric Optics 601
20.1 Fermat's Principle: The Law of Reflection 602
20.2 Refraction of Light: The Law of Refraction 614
20.3
627
20.4 Optical Instruments 636
20.5 Problem-Solving Summary 643
Chapter
649
21.1 Optical Interference 649
21.2 Optical Diffraction 658
21.3 Polarization of Light 667
21.4 Problem-Solving Summary 671
Chapter 22.
677
22.1 Space, Time, and the Galilean Transformation 678
22.2 The Einstein Postulates, Synchronization, and Simultaneity 681
22.3 The Lorentz Transformation: Relativistic
683
22.4 Relativistic Momentum, Mass, and
690
22.5 Experimental Confirmation of Relativity 695
22.6 Problem-Solving Summary 698
Chapter
704
23.1 The Blackbody Dilemma: Planck's Hypothesis 704
23.2 The Photoelectric Effect and Photons 708
23.3 Atomic Models, Spectra, and Atomic Structure 712
23.4 The Wave Nature of Particles 721
23.5
723
23.6 Problem-Solving Summary 725
Chapter 24.
730
24.1
730
24.2
738
24.3 Nuclear and Particle Physics 745
24.4 Problem-Solving Summary 756
Chapter 25.
760
25.1 Wave Functions and the Schrödinger Equation 760
25.2 A Special Potential Function: Barrier
764
25.3 An Attractive Potential: The Bound
772
25.4 A Double Attractive Potential: Multiple
775
25.5 Multiple Attractive Potentials: Band
782
25.6
788
25.7
795
Appendix:
800
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 802
Index 809
Some Useful Values 818
Introduction
Publisher Summary
Physics is a natural science. It is one of humankind’s responses to its curiosity about how nature works and about how the universe is ordered. Like other modem natural sciences, physics has evolved to become a logical process based on the scientific method. This method is rooted in a philosophy that recognizes no truths and embraces no dogma but seeks to be completely objective and practical. Hypotheses proposed according to the scientific method are retained only if they enjoy continued and unfailing success. A single instance in which a hypothesis fails to predict successfully the outcome of a pertinent, repeatable experiment requires either rejection of the hypothesis or its modification to rectify that failure. Throughout the history of science, many hypotheses have been discarded and many have been changed. Those that have enjoyed some measure of success but are without extensive experimental verification over a long period of time are referred to as theories. Scientists do not believe the laws of physics; they merely use them in very practical ways, maintaining a healthy skepticism that permits continual checking of current laws and theories and encourages speculation about new hypotheses. In this way, the scientific method provides a rational approach to an intellectual and logical comprehension of natural phenomena.
1.1 Physics and the Scientific Method
Physics is a natural science. It is one of humankind’s responses to its curiosity about how nature works, about how the universe is ordered.
Like other modern natural sciences, physics has evolved to become a logical process based on the scientific method. This method is rooted in a philosophy that recognizes no truths and embraces no dogma but seeks to be completely objective and practical. The scientific method may be considered an investigative process composed of three parts:
1. Physical processes are observed and measured both quantitatively and qualitatively. This step necessarily includes the conception and definition of appropriate quantities by which measurements may be made.
2. A hypothesis is offered, usually in the form of a general principle or a mathematical statement of relationships between physical quantities (time and distance, for example). These principles or relationships can be used to predict the results of other similar physical processes.
3. The hypothesis is subjected to experimental tests of its validity. Its predictions are compared to actual measured values.
Hypotheses proposed according to the scientific method are retained only if they enjoy continued and unfailing success. A single instance in which a hypothesis fails to predict successfully the outcome of a pertinent, repeatable experiment requires either rejection of the hypothesis or its modification to rectify that failure. Throughout the history of science many hypotheses have been discarded, and many have been changed. Those that have enjoyed some measure of success but are without extensive experimental verification over a long period of time are referred to as theories (those that have not had some success are not referred to at all). Hypotheses that have withstood successfully the repeated and diverse trials of experiment are accorded the title law, but even the most venerated laws of physics are not considered “true” by scientists. Laws are, along with all the tenets of science, acceptable only as long as they continue to coincide with measurements of physical processes. Scientists do not “believe” the laws of physics; they merely use them in very practical ways, maintaining a healthy skepticism that permits continual checking of current laws and theories and encourages speculation about new hypotheses. In this way the scientific method provides a rational approach to an intellectual and logical comprehension of natural phenomena.
1.2 Units
Physics is a science of relationships and measurements of the physical world, and understanding physics requires an understanding of the measurement process. The measurements of physical quantities are determined quantitatively, in terms of some units like feet, meters, miles per hour, or kilograms.
Standards and Nomenclature
Measurements in terms of units require standards. For example, in the metric system of units the standard unit of length is the meter; a table that is 2.7 meters long, for example, is 2.7 times the length of the standard meter.
The standard unit of time is the second (s). Originally defined in terms of a fraction of a mean solar day on earth, the second is now defined in terms of certain electromagnetic emissions from the element cesium. Another basic standard in the metric system is the kilogram (kg), a unit of mass defined to be equal to the mass of a particular body of metal kept in France. The concept of mass will be considered later, but for now it is sufficient to note that the mass of a given object is an expression of the quantitity of matter contained in that body. The third basic unit of the metric system is the meter (m). Over the years the meter has been defined successively in terms of a quadrant of the surface of the earth, in terms of the distance between the marks on a metal bar, and in terms of a specified number of wavelengths of certain electromagnetic emissions from a particular species of atom. In 1983 the standard meter was redefined by international agreement to be the distance that light travels through a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. Thus the basic unit of length is defined in terms of our best measured value of the speed of light c. In 1983 the accepted value of the speed of light in vacuum was taken to be
=299,792,458m/s
The wide range of magnitudes of measurements encountered in physics makes it convenient to use multiples and submultiples of the standard units. The metric system is a decimal system, that is, it is based on powers of 10. This system is particularly amenable to using prefixes to specify multiplying factors that can be associated with units. Table 1.1 lists some of the common prefixes and those that will be used throughout this book. The prefixes or their abbreviations may be used with any metric unit or its abbreviation. For example, the kilowatt, or kW, is 103 watts, and the nanosecond, or ns, is 10−9 second.
TABLE 1.1
Common Prefixes and Their Multiplying Factors Associated with Physical Units
| Factor | Prefix | Prefix Abbreviation |
| 109 | giga | G |
| 106 | mega | M |
| 103 | kilo | k |
| 10−2 | centi | c |
| 10−3 | milli | m |
| 10−6 | micro | μ |
| 10−9 | nano | n |
| 10−12 | pico | P |
The metric system of units, known as the SI (for Système Internationale), will be used in this book along with the British Engineering system, often called the English system. The metric system uses the kilogram as the standard unit of mass, the meter for length, and the second for time. In the English system the standard force (the choice of force or mass as fundamental is arbitrary) is the pound (lb), defined to be that force with which the earth pulls on a mass of 0.45359237 kilogram at a certain location on the surface of the earth. The standard length in the English system is the yard (yd), which is specified in terms of the meter such that
yd=0.91440183m
It follows that
inch(in.)=2.54cm
The unit of time, the second, is the same in the English and SI systems.
Conversion of Units
A basic skill necessary to the successful solution of many physics problems is the conversion of units between the metric and English systems. It may be necessary to determine, for example, the number of inches in a half mile (mi) or the number of meters in six feet. In any case, confusion and error can be avoided by using a simple procedure based on the principle that a given measure (including units) is not changed when multiplied by unity, that is, by the number 1. Of course, unity can be represented by any fraction in which the numerator and the denominator are equal or equivalent. The fractions 7/7, 3 ft/1 yd, and 2.54 cm/1 in., for example, are all equal to unity. A half mile can be converted to inches without changing its measure (that is, without changing the magnitude of its given length) by starting with the given value and multiplying it by appropriate fractions, each of which is equal to unity, as many times as needed:
The key to this procedure is finding the appropriate fractions equal to unity that should be used. Most people probably do not know offhand the number of inches in a mile, but many people know that 5280 feet are equal to a mile. Thus, the fraction that converts miles to feet is used, anticipating the next step, which uses 12 in. in a foot. Notice that in...
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 28.6.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Optik |
| Technik | |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4832-2029-X / 148322029X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4832-2029-1 / 9781483220291 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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