Air Quality

Wayne T. Davis is currently the dean of engineering at the University of Tennessee Knoxville (UTK). He served as associate dean for Research and Technology in the college from 2003 to 2008. He is also a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He earned his AB in physics from Pfeiffer University (1969), MS in physics from Clemson (1971), and MS in environmental engineering and PhD in civil engineering from UTK (1973 and 1975, respectively). He has conducted research and teaching in the area of air quality management and pollution control for more than 42 years at UTK, and is the author/coauthor/editor of numerous research publications including the Air Pollution Control Engineering Manual (published by John Wiley Publishers) and the graduate textbook Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control (published by Elsevier). He has been involved in numerous projects funded by the U.S. EPA, DOE, ORNL, NSF, DOT, and various state agencies and industrial companies, particularly as related to the monitoring and control of sulfur dioxide, ozone/precursors, and particulate matter. He is a recipient of the Lyman Ripperton Outstanding Professor Award presented by the International Air and Waste Management Association (AWMA), where he is a fellow member; he also received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Institute of Professional and Environmental Practice (Pittsburgh, PA) in 2007. Dr. Davis served as chair of the Knox County Air Pollution Control Board for more than 22 years and currently serves on the State of Tennessee’s Air Pollution Control Board. Joshua S. Fu is a professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Tennessee Knoxville (UTK). He was a scientific applications analyst and software engineer at Lockheed Martin/EPA before he moved to UTK in 2000. He earned his BS in environmental engineering from National Cheng Kung University (1986), MS in environmental engineering and water resources from UCLA (1994), and PhD in civil engineering from North Carolina State University (2000). The focus of his research work includes air benefit and attainment assessment, emission estimations, development of emission control strategies, ozone and particulate matter modeling, international air quality modeling assessment, and global climate change effects of air quality. He has taught courses in the area of air quality management and pollution control at UTK, and is the author of numerous research publications and serves as a journal editor for the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. One of his publications on air quality has been recognized by Elsevier as one of the most cited articles in Atmospheric Environment during 2007 to 2012. He has been a principal investigator and coinvestigator for numerous projects funded by the U.S. EPA, DOE, ORNL, NASA, CDC, DOT, USDA, various state agencies, and industrial companies. He has received numerous research awards from the Chancellor, College of Engineering, and his department at UTK and ORNL. He is also actively involved in the UN ECE Task Force Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution and Model Intercomparison Study in Asia. Dr. Fu also serves on the Knox County Air Pollution Control Board in Tennessee.

Atmosphere


Chemical Composition


General Composition


Water


Physical Phenomena


Solar Radiation


Terrestrial Thermal Radiation


Energy Balance


Surface Temperatures


Vertical Temperature Gradients


Gravity


Atmospheric Density


Atmospheric Pressure


Atmospheric Motion


Winds


Pressure Gradient Force


Coriolis Effect


Friction


Cyclones and Anticyclones


General Circulation of the Atmosphere


Evolution of the Atmosphere


Readings


Questions





Atmospheric Pollution and Pollutants


Natural Air Pollution


Anthropogenic Air Pollution


Smog


Haze


Nontraditional Air Pollutants


Gases and Particles


Gas-Phase Pollutants


Carbon Oxides


Sulfur Compounds


Nitrogen Compounds


Hydrocarbon Compounds


Photochemical Oxidants


Atmospheric Particles


Classes and Sources


Size


Particle Shape


Chemical Composition


Source Apportionment


Behavior


Concentrations


Long-Range Transport from Sources Outside the United States


References


Readings


Questions





Atmospheric Dispersion, Transport, and Deposition


Dispersion and Transport


Wind


Turbulence


Atmospheric Stability


Inversions


Mixing Height


Topography


Pollutant Dispersion from Point Sources


Large-Scale Transport and Dispersion


Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange


Stratospheric Circulation


Atmospheric Removal and Deposition Processes


Atmospheric Lifetimes


Deposition Processes


Meteorological Applications: Air Pollution Control


Episode Planning


Air Quality Modeling


Readings


Questions





Atmospheric Effects


Visibility


Natural Visibility Reduction


Visibility Concerns Associated with Human Activities


Factors Affecting Visibility Reduction


Meteorological Effects


Visibility Measurements


Visibility Patterns and Trends


Turbidity


Thermal Air Pollution


Effects on Precipitation and Precipitation Processes


Atmospheric Deposition


Acidic Deposition


Nitrogen Deposition


Mercury Deposition


Deposition of Pesticides, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion


Ozone Depletion Concerns


Ozone Layer Dynamics


Role of Nitrogen Oxides


Role of Chlorofluorocarbons and Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons


Antarctic Ozone Hole


Ozone Depletion in the Arctic


Trends


Changes in Surface UV Light Radiation


Ozone Depletion Effects on Human Health


Recovery of the Ozone Layer


Global Warming


Climate and Global Climate


Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming


Radiative Forcing


Greenhouse Gases


Evidence of Climate Change


Linking Climate Change to Anthropogenic Influences


Projections of the Earth's Future Climate


Global Warming Uncertainties


Environmental Impacts


Stratospheric Gases and Atmospheric Temperature Changes


Reference


Readings


Questions





Health Effects


Air Pollution Episodes


Pollutant Exposures and Cause-Effect Relationships


Epidemiological Studies


Occupational Exposure Studies


Effect of Pollutants on the Human Body


Eye Irritation


Effects on the Cardiovascular System


Effects on the Respiratory System


Health Effects of Regulated Air Pollutants


Carbon Monoxide


Sulfur Oxides


Particulate Matter


Hydrocarbons


Nitrogen Oxides


Ozone


Lead


Hazardous Air Pollutants


Personal Air Pollution


Risk Assessment and Management


Readings


Questions





Welfare Effects


Effects on Agricultural Crops, Ornamental Plants, and Trees


Plant Injury


Economic Losses


Forest Declines


Effects on Domesticated Animals


Fluoride


Lead


Other Toxic Exposures


Ecological Effects


Phytotoxic Pollutants


Atmospheric Deposition


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion


Global Warming


Effects on Materials


Metal Corrosion


Building Materials


Paints


Textiles and Textile Dyes


Paper and Leather


Rubber


Glass


Economic Losses


Odor Pollution


Odor Measurement


Odor Problems


Readings


Questions





Air Quality and Emissions Assessment


Air Quality Monitoring


Monitoring Considerations


Reporting Pollutant Concentrations


Federal Monitoring Requirements


Emissions Assessment


Source Sampling and Monitoring


Opacity


Emission Factors


Air Quality Modeling


Gaussian Models


Model Options


Readings


Online Sources


Questions





Regulation and Public Policy


Nonregulatory Legal Remedies


Nuisance


Trespass


Regulatory Strategies and Tactics


Strategies


Tactics


Federal Legislative History


Clean Air Legislation


Clean Air Act


Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act


Air Quality Act of


Clean Air Act Amendments


Clean Air Act Amendments


Clean Air Act Amendments


Federalization


Air Pollution Control under the 1970, 1977 and 1990 CAA Amendments


Air Quality Standards


Air Quality Criteria


Air Quality Control Regions


State Implementation Plans


Nonattainment of Air Quality Standards


New Source Performance Standards


Prevention of Significant Deterioration


Hazardous and Toxic Air Pollutants


Stratospheric Ozone Depletion


Acidic Deposition


Motor Vehicle Emission Control


Enforcement


Permit Requirements


Citizen Suits


Pollution Prevention


State and Local Air Pollution Control Functions


Boards and Agencies


Effectiveness of State and Local Programs


Public Policy Issues


Global Warming, the Kyoto Protocol, and Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards


Revised Ozone and Particulate Matter NAAQSs


New Source Review


Readings


Questions





Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions


Motor Vehicle Engines


Otto Cycle Spark Ignition Engines


Compression Ignition Engines


Automotive Fuels


Gasolines


Alternative Fuels


Low Emission and Zero-Emission Vehicles


Low Emission Vehicles


Hybrid Electric Vehicles


Electric Vehicles


Readings


Questions





Control of Emissions from Stationary Sources


Control Practices


Tall Stacks


Fuel Use Policies


Fugitive Emissions


Pollution Prevention


Gas Cleaning Technology


System Performance


Particle Collection Efficiency


Gas-Phase Contaminant Collection Efficiency


Control of Particulate-Phase Pollutants


Cyclonic Collectors


Electrostatic Precipitation


Filtration


Control of Gas-Phase Pollutants


Thermal Oxidation


Adsorption


Absorption


Control of Sulfur Oxides


Fluidized Bed Combustion


Biological Treatment


Control of Nitrogen Oxides


Readings


Questions





Indoor Air Quality


Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Pollutant Relationships


Personal Pollutant Exposures


Indoor and Outdoor Pollutant Concentrations


Indoor Air Quality Concerns


Major Indoor Pollutants


Asbestos


Radon


Combustion By-Products


Aldehydes


Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds


Biological Contaminants


Problem Buildings


Building-Related Illness


Sick Building Syndrome


Field Investigations and Systematic Building Studies


Risk Factors


Investigating Indoor Air Quality Problems


Measurement of Indoor Contaminants


Prevention and Control Measures


Source Management


Contaminant Control


Indoor Air Quality and Public Policy


Readings


Questions





Environmental Noise


Sound and Its Measurement


Sound Energy


Sound Measurement


Sound Exposure Descriptors


A-Weighted Sound Level


A-Weighted Sound Exposure Level


Equivalent Sound Level


Day-Night Sound Level


Loudness


Effects of Environmental Noise Exposure


Hearing Impairment


Speech Communication


Sleep Disturbance


Psychophysiological Effects


Performance


Annoyance and Social Behavior


Nonregulatory and Regulatory Control Approaches


Community Exposure Guidelines


Community Regulatory Efforts


Federal Noise Control Programs


Control Measures


Readings


Questions


Glossary


Index