Handbook of Psychopharmacology

1 Neuropathological and Neurochemical Aspects of Alzheimer’s Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease.- 3. Alzheimer-Type Changes in Conditions Other than Alzheimer’s Disease.- 4. Alzheimer’s Disease and Patient Age.- 5. Biochemical Correlates of Pathological Changes.- 6. Relationship between Plaques and Tangles and Nerve Cell Atrophy and Loss.- 7. Relationship between Extent of Pathological Changes and Degree of Dementia.- 8. Pathogenetic Considerations.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- 10. References.- 2 Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons and Alzheimer’s Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Systems.- 3. Cholinergic Alterations in AD.- 4. Cholinergic Physiology.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- 3 Neurochemical Studies in Dementia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Alzheimer’s Disease.- 3. Other Cortical Dementias.- 4. Subcortical Dementias.- 5. Alcohol Dementia.- 6. Confusional States.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 4 Chemical Neuroanatomy of Alzheimer’s Disease.- 1. Introduction: Relationship of Neural Connections and Neurotransmitters with Alzheimer Pathology.- 2. Limbic and Cortical Connections and Neurotransmitters in Alzheimer’s Disease.- 3. Brain Stem and Basal Forebrain-Cortical Connections and Neurotransmitters in Alzheimer’s Disease.- 4. Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.- 5. References.- 5 Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Lesions in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease.- 3. Dementia and Lesions.- 4. Parkinsonian Dementia.- 5. Symptoms and Lesions.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 6 Alzheimer’s Disease: Genetic Theories of Etiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Genetic Hypothesis.- 3. Critical Methodological Issues.- 4. PredictedCharacteristics of Genetically Caused AD.- 5. Review of Previous Studies.- 6. Current Studies.- 7. Implications and Strategies for Future Research.- 8. References.- 7 The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Memory: A Review of Animal Experiments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Conceptual Issues.- 3. Methodological Issues.- 4. Anatomy of Forebrain Cholinergic Pathways.- 5. Pharmacology of Central Cholinergic Neurons.- 6. Pharmacological Evidence for Cholinergic Involvement in Sensory, Attentional, and Motor Functions.- 7. Pharmacological Studies of Rodent Learning and Memory.- 8. Lesion Studies.- 9. Pharmacological Studies of Primate Memory.- 10. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 11. References.- 8 Behavioral Models of Aging in Nonhuman Primates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some Characteristics of Age-Related Behavioral Deficits in Nonhuman Primates.- 3. Relationship of Age-Related Behavioral Deficits in Nonhuman Primates to Humans.- 4. Relationship of Age-Related Behavioral Deficits in Nonhuman Primates to Rodents.- 5. Possible Insights from Comparisons with Nonhuman Primates Given Discrete Brain Lesions.- 6. Possible Insights from Drugs That Impair Performance on Memory Tasks in Young Subjects.- 7. Drugs for Improving Age-Related Cognitive Losses: Current Status and Future Prospects.- 8. Synthesis and Discussion.- 9. References.- 9 Cholinergic Drugs and Human Cognitive Performance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Effects of Cholinergic Agents on Processes Involved in Learning and Memory in Experimental Animals.- 3. The Effects of Cholinergic Agents on Processes Involved in Learning and Memory in Young Adult Human Subjects.- 4. Clinical Trials of Cholinergic Agents in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type or Aged Volunteers.- 5. Implications and New Directions.- 6. References.- 10 Treatment ofDementia with Vasoactive Drugs.- 1. Background and Rationale.- 2. Traditional Vasodilators.- 3. Recent Developments and Future Prospects.- 4. References.- 11 New Pharmacological Perspectives on Nootropic Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Known Compounds.- 3. Goals of This Chapter.- 4. Distribution of Drugs in Brain.- 5. Neuropsychopharmacological Studies.- 6. Neurochemical Studies.- 7. Relationship to Endogenous Substances.- 8. Nootropic Drugs and Arguments for Supplementary Choline.- 9. Clues to the Mode of Action of Nootropic Drugs.- 10. Some Thoughts on Clinical Trials.- 11. Summary and Conclusion.- 12. References.