Principles of Metabolic Control in Mammalian Systems

1 The Principles of Metabolic Control.- I. The First Fundamental Theorem of Theoretical Biology.- II. The Second Fundamental Theorem of Theoretical Biology.- >III. Other Fundamental Theorems of Theoretical Biology.- IV. Summary.- References.- 2 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics, Noncovalent Forces, and Water.- I. Introduction.- II. Stability, Thermodynamics, and Biological Organization.- III. Noncovalent Forces.- IV. Water.- V. Conclusions and Implications.- Appendix I.- Appendix II: Glossary.- References.- 3 Enzymes and Coenzymes: A Mechanistic View.- I. Introduction.- II. Chemical Bonding.- III. Chemical Reactions.- IV. The Protein Nature of Enzymes.- V. Enzyme Mechanisms.- VI. Coenzymes.- VII. Evolution of Enzyme Function.- References.- 4 Modulation of Enzyme Activity.- I. Introduction.- II. Noncovalent Regulatory Mechanisms.- III. Covalent Regulatory Mechanisms.- IV. Enzyme Synthesis and Degradation.- V. Evaluation of the Physiologic Importance of Regulatory Mechanisms.- VI. Conclusion: An Overview of Regulation.- References.- 5 Regulation of Protein Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. The Mechanism of Protein Biosynthesis.- III. The Regulation of Protein Biosynthesis.- References.- 6 Degradation of Enzymes.- I. Introduction.- II. Kinetics of Enzyme Degradation.- III. Techniques for the Measurement of Enzyme Degradation.- IV. Variability of Enzyme Half-Lives.- V. Changes to Degradation Rate Constants.- VI. Intracellular Localization of Degradative Pathways.- VII. Initial Reactions in Enzyme Degradation.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- 7 DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle.- I. Introduction.- II. Chromatin Structure.- III. The Cell Cycle.- IV. DNA Synthesis.- V. Mitosis.- VI. Gene Activation and Inactivation.- VII. Summary.- References.- 8 Servomechanisms and Oscillatory Phenomena.- I. Introduction.- II. Feedback and Feedforward Phenomena.- III. Oscillatory Phenomena.- IV. Proposed Physiological Significance of Oscillatory Phenomena.- References.- 9 Membrane-Bound Enzymes.- I. Introduction.- II. Membrane Composition and Structure.- III. Endoplasmic Reticulum.- IV. Golgi Apparatus.- V. Mitochondria.- VI. Plasma Membrane.- VII. Temperature Effects.- VIII. Conclusion: Effects of Lipids on Enzymatic Activity.- References.- 10 The Importance of Phospholipid—Protein Interactions for Regulation of the Activities of Membrane-Bound Enzymes.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect of Lipid Composition on the Properties of Membranes and Membrane-Bound Proteins.- III. The Effect of Proteins on the Properties of Membrane Lipids.- IV. The Effect of Phospholipids on the Activities of Soluble Enzymes and Proteins.- V. Reconstituted Systems.- VI. Alteration of the Properties of Tightly-Bound Membrane Enzymes by Perturbation of Their Membrane Lipid Environment.- VII. Model for Lipid—Protein Interactions.- VIII. Consideration of Factors Regulating the Activities of Membrane-Bound Enzymes in Vivo.- IX. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Membrane Structure and Transport Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. Contact Inhibition and Intercellular Communication.- III. Antigenic and Receptor Sites.- IV. Membrane Structure.- V. Membrane Composition.- VI. Transport Systems.- VII. Summary.- References.- 12 Cellular Mechanisms of Secretion.- I. Introduction.- II. Representative Secretory Cells.- III. Membrane Flow and Differentiation.- IV. Membrane Reutilization.- V. The Clinical Importance of Intracellular Membranes for Secretion.- VI. Microtubules.- VII. Mechanisms of Secretory Activation.- VIII. Types of Secretory Discharge.- IX. Summary.- References.- 13 Compartmentation andIts Role in Metabolic Regulation.- I. Introduction.- II. Nature of Intracellular Compartments.- III. Zymogen Activation and Compartmentation.- IV. Membrane Permeability and the Movement of Molecules in the Cell.- V. Examples of the Role of Compartmentation in the Regulation of Energy Metabolism.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 14 The Mechanism of Action of Hormones.- I. Introduction.- II. Hormones.- 15 The Biochemical Basis of Disease.- I. Introduction.- II. The Biochemical Basis of Disease.- III. Therapeutic Approaches to Disease.- References.