Nematoda (eBook)

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Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa, University ofHamburg, Germany.

List of contributing authors 13
1 Morphology of Nematoda 17
1.1 General and external morphology 17
1.2 Integument or body wall 21
1.3 Musculature (Fig. 1.5 A–F) 28
1.4 Nervous system 31
1.5 Sensory structures 35
1.6 The digestive system 45
1.7 Body cavity or pseudocoel 51
1.8 Secretory-excretory system (S-E system) (Fig. 1.13) 53
1.9 Reproductive system and related reproduction 56
1.10 Gametes-gametogenesis 63
Literature 67
2 Reproduction and development in Nematodes 77
2.1 Introduction 77
2.2 Reproduction 78
2.3 Sex determination 79
2.4 Embryonic development 81
2.5 Postembryonic development 107
2.6 Concluding remarks 119
Literature 119
3 Ecology of free-living marine nematodes 125
3.1 General introduction 125
3.2 Spatial distribution patterns 125
3.3 Nematode abundance and diversity across marine habitats 128
3.4 Nematode biomass patterns 133
3.5 Nematode community composition patterns across marine habitats 134
3.6 Disturbance and pollution 137
3.7 Dispersal, colonization, population genetic structure and cryptic diversity of marine nematodes 141
3.8 Feeding ecology 144
3.9 Marine nematodes and energy flow 150
3.10 Trophic and non-trophic interactions with macrofauna 152
3.11 Nematodes and ecosystem functioning 153
Literature 156
4 Ecology of Freshwater Nematodes 169
4.1 Morphology, collection and identification 169
4.2 Species richness 170
4.3 Abundance and species composition 172
4.4 Autecology of freshwater nematodes 175
4.5 Feeding types of freshwater nematodes 176
4.6 Role of nematodes in the benthic food web 177
4.7 Production and biomass 180
4.8 Ecotoxicology and applied ecology 181
4.9 Conclusion 181
Literature 182
5 Outline on nematode phylogeny 187
Literature 187
6 Palaeontology of nematodes 189
6.1 Introduction 189
6.2 Types of nematode fossils 189
6.3 Systematics of fossil nematodes 190
6.4 Questionable fossil nematodes 193
6.5 Summary 193
Literature 194
7 Taxonomy 195
7.1 Order Benthimermithida Tchesunov, 1995 195
7.1.1 Diagnosis 195
7.1.2 Distribution, biology and ecology 195
7.1.3 Sytematics and phylogeny 197
7.1.4 Key to genera 201
Literature 201
7.2 Order Rhaptothyreida Tchesunov, 1995 203
7.2.1 Diagnosis 203
7.2.2 Distribution, biology, and ecology 203
7.2.3 Systematics and phylogeny 206
Literature 208
7.3 Order Enoplida 209
7.3.1 Introduction 209
7.3.2 Morphology 209
7.3.3 Classification 214
Acknowledgements 262
Literature 262
7.4 Order Triplonchida Cobb, 1919 267
7.4.1 Introduction 267
7.4.2 Morphology 267
7.4.3 Phylogeny and taxonomy 267
7.4.4 Tobrilidae De Coninck, 1965 268
7.4.5 Tripylidae de Man, 1876 273
7.4.6 Onchulidae Andrássy, 1963 275
7.4.7 Prismatolaimidae Micoletzky, 1922 278
7.4.8 Bastianiidae De Coninck, 1965 281
7.4.9 Odontolaimidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974
7.4.10 Triodontolaimidae De Coninck, 1965 284
7.4.11 Rhabdodemaniidae Filipjev, 1934 284
7.4.12 Pandolaimidae Belogurov, 1980 286
7.4.13 Diphterophoridae Micoletzky, 1922 287
7.4.14 Trichodoridae Thorne, 1935 289
Literature 291
7.5 Order Dorylaimida Pearse, 1942 293
7.5.1 Diagnosis 293
7.5.2 Morphology 293
7.5.3 Diversity and systematics 297
7.5.4 Notes on the biology of Dorylaimida 312
Acknowledgments 312
Literature 312
7.6 Order Mononchida Jairajpuri, 1969 315
7.6.1 Diagnosis 315
7.6.2 General morphology of Mononchina 315
7.6.3 General morphology of Bathyodontina 319
7.6.4 Diversity and taxonomy 321
7.6.5 Notes on their biology 326
Acknowledgments 327
Literature 327
7.7 Order Isolaimiida Cobb, 1920 329
7.7.1 Introduction 329
7.7.2 Isolaimiidae Timm, 1969 329
Literature 332
7.8 Order Dioctophymatida 333
7.8.1 Introduction 333
7.8.2 Morphology 334
7.8.3 Reproduction and development 336
7.8.4 Phylogeny and taxonomy 336
7.8.5 Genus Dioctophyme Collet-Meygret, 1802 336
7.8.6 Eustrongylides Jägerskiöld, 1909 337
7.8.7 Hystrichis Dujardin, 1845 342
7.8.8 Soboliphyme Petrow, 1930 344
Acknowledgements 347
Literature 347
7.9 Order Muspiceida 351
7.9.1 Historical diagnosis 351
7.9.2 Morphology 352
7.9.3 Life cycle 356
7.9.4 Diversity and taxonomy 356
7.9.5 Superfamily Muspiceoidea Roman, 1965 358
Literature 358
7.10 Order Marimermithida Rubtzov 1980, emend. Tchesunov 1995 361
7.10.1 Diagnosis 361
7.10.2 Distribution, biology and ecology 361
7.10.3 Systematics and phylogeny 363
7.10.4 Key to genera 363
7.10.5 Notes on systematics of Marimermithida 365
Literature 366
7.11 Order Desmoscolecida 367
7.11.1 Distribution and ecology (Fig. 7.83) 367
7.11.2 Morphology 368
7.11.3 Systematics 377
Literature 386
7.12 Order Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933 389
7.12.1 Family Chromadoridae Filipjev, 1917 389
7.12.2 Family Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918 400
7.12.3 Family Achromadoridae Gerlach & Riemann, 1973
7.12.4 Family Ethmolaimidae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941
7.12.5 Family Neotonchidae Wieser & Hopper, 1966
7.12.6 Family Selachinematidae Cobb, 1915 408
Literature 412
7.13 Order Desmodorida De Coninck, 1965 415
7.13.1 Superfamily Desmodoroidea Filipjev, 1922 415
7.13.2 Superfamily Microlaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922 435
Literature 448
7.14 Order Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929 451
7.14.1 Superfamily Siphonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918 451
7.14.2 Superfamily Sphaerolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918 460
7.14.3 Superfamily Monhysteroidea Filipjev, 1929 476
Acknowledgments 479
Literature 479
7.15 Order Araeolaimida De Coninck, & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933
7.15.1 Family Axonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918 483
7.15.2 Family Bodonematidae 488
7.15.3 Family Comesomatidae Filipjev, 1918 489
7.15.4 Family Coninckiidae Lorenzen, 1981 496
7.15.5 Family Diplopeltidae Filipjev, 1918 497
Acknowledgments 501
Literature 501
7.16 Order Plectida Gadea, 1973 503
7.16.1 Introduction 503
7.16.2 Suborder Plectina 504
7.16.3 Suborder Ceramonematina 534
Acknowledgments 549
Literature 549
7.17 Order Rhabditina: “Rhabditidae” 553
7.17.1 Scientific significance of “Rhabditidae” 553
7.17.2 “Rhabditidae” as a paraphyletic taxon 553
7.17.3 Stemspecies pattern of “Rhabditidae” (Rhabditina) 553
7.17.4 Systematics 555
7.17.5 Habitats and modes of life 555
7.17.6 Convergences or parallelisms in morphology – a view on diversity 556
7.17.7 Striking characteristics of single lineages 564
7.17.8 Biogeography 567
7.17.9 Speciation 567
Literature 569
7.18 Order Strongylida (Railliet & Henry, 1913)
7.18.1 Introduction 573
7.18.2 Morphology and taxonomy 573
7.18.3 Phylogeny 574
7.18.4 Biology and ecology 577
7.18.5 Suborder Strongylina (Weinland, 1858 superfamily) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993
7.18.6 Suborder Ancylostomatina (Looss, 1905 subfamily) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993
7.18.7 Suborder Trichostrongylina (Leiper 1908, family) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993
7.18.8 Suborder Metastrongylina (Lane, 1917 superfamily) Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1993
Literature 624
7.19 Order Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 629
7.19.1 Origin of Tylenchida 629
7.19.2 Suborder Tylenchina Chitwood in Chitwood and Chitwood, 1950 631
7.19.3 Suborder Hoplolaimina Chizhov & Berezina, 1988
7.19.4 Suborder Criconematina Siddiqi, 1980 645
7.19.5 Suborder Hexatylina Siddiqi, 1980 648
Literature 651
7.20 Order Camallanida: Superfamilies Anguillicoloidea and Camallanoidea 653
7.20.1 Superfamily Anguillicoloidea 653
7.20.2 Superfamily Camallanoidea 654
Acknowledgements 658
Appendix 659
Literature 674
7.21 Order Spirurida 677
7.21.1 Introduction 677
7.21.2 Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea Railliet, 1895 678
7.21.3 Superfamily Physalopteroidea Railliet, 1893 682
7.21.4 Superfamily Rictularioidea Hall, 1913 687
7.21.5 Superfamily Thelazioidea Skrjabin, 1915 691
7.21.6 Superfamily Spiruroidea Oerley, 1885 697
7.21.7 Superfamily Habronematoidea Chitwood & Wehr, 1932
7.21.8 Superfamily Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
7.21.9 Superfamily Aproctoidea Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
7.21.10 Superfamily Diplotriaenoidea Skrjabin, 1916 721
7.21.11 Superfamily Filarioidea Weinland, 1858 724
Acknowledgements 735
Literature 735
Glossary 748
Index 749