Advanced Biomaterials and Biodevices

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress. Anis N. Nordin received her D.Sc. in computer engineering from George Washington University in 2008. She is now an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Her main research interests are in the areas of biosensors, lab-on-chip devices, Analog VLSI, RF-MEMS, surface acoustic wave resonators, and oscillators in particular. She is currently a visiting scholar at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Center, Linköping University, Sweden.

Preface xv

Part 1: Cutting-edge Biomaterials 1

Frontiers for Bulk Nanostructured Metals in Biomedical Applications 3
T.C. Lowe and R.Z. Valiev

1.1 Introduction to Nanostructured Metals 3

1.2 Nanostructured Metals as Biomaterials for Medical Applications 10

1.3 Summary and Conclusions 29

Acknowledgment 30

References 30

2 Stimuli-responsive Materials Used as Medical Devices in Loading and Releasing of Drugs 53
H. Iván Meléndez-Ortiz and Emilio Bucio

2.1 Introduction 54

2.2 Classification of Materials for Bioapplications 55

2.3 Responsive Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery 56

2.4 Types of Medical Devices 60

2.5 Materials Used in Medical Devices 62

2.6 Stimuli-responsive Polymers Used in Medical Devices 65

2.7 Infections Associated with Medical Devices 68

Acknowledgements 72

References 73

3 Recent Advances with Liposomes as Drug Carriers 79
Shravan Kumar Sriraman and Vladimir P. Torchilin

3.1 Introduction 80

3.2 Passive Targeting of Liposomes 83

3.3 Actively Targeted Liposomes 88

3.4 Multifunctional Liposomes 95

3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 98

References 101

4 Fabrication, Properties of Nanoshells with Controllable Surface Charge and its Applications 121
Parul Khurana, Sheenam Thatai and Dinesh Kumar

4.1 What is Nanotechnology? 122

4.2 Nanomaterials and Their Uses 122

4.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 124

4.4 Nanoparticles 126

4.5 Nanocomposites Material 128

4.6 Spherical Silica Particles 129

4.7 Silver Nanoparticles 132

4.8 Gold Nanoparticles 134

4.9 SiO2@Ag and SiO2@Au Core-shell Nanocomposites 137

4.10 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering 139

4.11 Conclusions 141

Acknowledgements 141

References 141

5 Chitosan as an Advanced Healthcare Material 147
M.A. Jardine and S. Sayed 147

5.1 Introduction 147

5.2 Chemical Modification and Analysis 150

5.3 Chitosan Co-polymers 154

5.4 Nanoparticles 156

5.5 Nanofibres (Electrospinning) 158

5.6 Visualising Nanostructures 160

5.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan 163

5.8 Conclusion 175

References  175

6 Chitosan and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan: Biological and Biomedical Applications 183
Nazma N. Inamdar and Vishnukant Mourya

6.1 Introduction 184

6.2 Biodegradability of Chitin and Chitosan 184

6.3 Biocomapatibility and Toxicology of Chitin and Chitosan 186

6.4 Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent 187

6.5 Chitosan as Haemostatic Agent 196

6.6 Chitosan as Immunity Modulator 198

6.7 Chitosan as Adjuvant 202

6.8 Chitosan as Wound Healing Accelerator 203

6.9 Chitosan as Lipid Lowering Agent & Dietary Supplement in Aid of Weight Loss 211

6.10 Chitosan as Antioxidant 214

6.11 Conclusion 220

References 221

7 Anticipating Behaviour of Advanced Materials in Healthcare 243
Tanvir Arfin and Simin Fatma

7.1 Introduction 244

7.2 The Evolution of the Bio-advance Materials Fields 246

7.3 Evaluation in Humans 247

7.4 The Natural History of Diseases 248

7.5 Enzyme 249

7.6 Biosensor 259

7.7 Platinum Material Used in Medicine 267

7.8 Antibody 268

7.9 Antibody microarrays 275

7.10 Conclusion 278

References 279

Part 2: Innovative Biodevices 289

8 Label-Free Biochips 291
Anis N. Nordin

8.1 Introduction 291

8.2 Label-Free Analysis 292 8.3 Electrochemical Biosensors 293

8.4 Acoustic Wave-based Mass Sensors 297

8.5 Bulk Acoustic Wave Sensors 297

8.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Mass Sensors 300

8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 302

References 303

9 Polymer MEMS Sensors 305
V. Seena, Prasenjithn Ray, Prashanthi Kovur, Manoj Kandpal and V. Ramgopal Rao

9.1 Introduction 306

9.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Piezoresistive Microcantilever Sensors 309

9.3 Organic CantiFET 318

9.4 Polymer Microcantilever Sensors with Embedded Al-doped ZnO Transistor 324

9.5 Piezoelectric Nanocomposite (SU-8/ZNO) Thin Films Studies and Their Integration with Piezoelectric MEMS Devices 327

9.6 Polymer Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors for Detection of Explosives 334

References 337

10 Assembly of Polymers/Metal Nanoparticles and their Applications as Medical Devices 343
Magdalena Stevanovic

10.1 Introduction 344

10.2 Platinum Nanoparticles 346

10.3 Gold Nanoparticles 347

10.4 Silver Nanoparticles 350

10.5 Assembly of Polymers/Silver Nanoparticles 351

10.6 Conclusion 357

Acknowledgements 357

References 357

11 Combination of Molecular Imprinting and Nanotechnology: Beginning of a New Horizon 367
Rashmi Madhuri, Ekta Roy, Kritika Gupta and Prashant K. Sharma

11.1 Introduction 368

11.2 Classification of Imprinted Nanomaterials 374

11.3 Imprinted Materials at Nanoscale 412

11.4 Conclusions & Future Outlook 418

Acknowledgements 419

References 419

12 Prussian Blue and Analogues: Biosensing Applications in Health Care 423
Salazar P, Martin M, O’Neill RD, Lorenzo-Luis P, Roche R and González-Mora JL

12.1 Introduction 424

12.2 General Aspects of Prussian Blue and Other Hexacyanoferrates 426

12.3 Prussian Blue: Hydrogen Peroxide Electrocatalysis 428

12.4 Prussian Blue: Biosensor Applications 430

12.5 Prussian Blue: Immunosensor Applications 439

12.6 Conclusions 446

Acknowledgment 446

References 447

13 Efficiency of Biosensors as New Generation of Analytical Approaches at the Biochemical Diagnostics
of Diseases 451
N.F. Starodub and M. D. Melnychuk

13.1 Introduction 452

13.2 General Approaches for the Development of Optical Immune Biosensors 452

13.3 Electrochemical Enzymatic Biosensors Based on the Ion-sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) 471

13.4 Multi-parametrical Biosensors [49-51] 475

13.5 Modeling Selective Sites and their Application in the Sensory Technology 478

13.6 Conclusion 481

References 482

14 Nanoparticles: Scope in Drug Delivery 487
Megha Tanwar, Jaishree Meena and Laxman S. Meena

14.1 Introduction 488

14.2 Different Forms of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery 489

14.3 Tuberculosis Targeting Nanoparticles 493

14.4 Cancer & Tumor Targeting Nanoparticles 505

14.5 Conclusion 511

References 512

15 Smart Polypeptide Nanocarriers for Malignancy Therapeutics 523
Jianxun Ding, Di Li, Xiuli Zhuang and Xuesi Chen

15.1 Introduction 523

15.2 Smart Polypeptide Nanovehicles for Antitumor Drug Delivery 525

15.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 539

References 539

Index 547