The Biological Chemistry of the Elements

The chemical and physical factors controlling the elements of life1: The chemical elements in biology. 2: The principles of the uptake and chemical speciation of the elements in biology. 3: Physical separations of elements: compartments and zones in biology. 4: Kinetic considerations of chemiscal reactions, catalysis, and control. 5: Energy in biological systems and hydrogen biochemistry. 6: The role of biological macromolecules and polymers. 7: The functional value of the chemical elements in biological systems. The roles of individual elements in biology8: Sodium, potassium, and chlorine: osmotic control, electrolytic equilibria, and currents. 9: The biological chemistry of magnesium: phosphate metabolism. 10: Calcium: controls and triggers. 11: Zinc: Lewis acid catalysis and regulation. 12: Non-haem iron: redox reactions and controls. 13: Haen iron: coupled redox reactions. 14: Manganese: dioxygen evolution and glycosylation. 15: Copper: extracytoplasmic oxidases and matrix formation. 16: Nickel and cobalt: remnants of early life. 17: Molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and chromium. 18: Phosphate, silica, and chloride: acid-base non-metals. 19: Sulphur, selenium, and the halogens: redox non-metals. 20: Integrated living systems of elements