Applied NMR Spectroscopy for Chemists and Life Scientists (eBook)

Oliver Zerbe is the head of the NMR department at the University of Zurich. He studied chemistry and obtained his PhD under the supervision of Wolfgang von Philipsborn in Zurich. After a postdoctoral stay in the group of Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH Zurich he conducted his habilitation with Gerd Folkers at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the ETH. In 2003 he returned to his present location at the University of Zurich, where he is now a professor in the Department of Chemistry. His main interests are structures of proteins, particularly of membrane proteins. Oliver Zerbe is the author of approximately 100 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and has edited one book, "NMR in drug research". After studying chemistry at the University of Applied Sciences of Bern, Simon Jurt has been working for more than ten years in the NMR department of the University of Zurich. In addition to maintenance and trouble shooting of the NMR spectrometers, he introduces the students to the secrets of NMR spectroscopy, teaches practical NMR courses and is involved in several research projects. His main interests are the experimental NMR techniques, which allow obtaining a plethora of chemo-physical information from the spin physics.

Preface

INTRODUCTION TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Our First 1D Spectrum
Some Nomenclature: Chemical Shifts, Line Widths, and Scalar Couplings
Interpretation of Spectra: A Simple Example
Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy: An Introduction

PART ONE - Basics of Solution NMR

BASICS OF 1D NMR SPECTROSCOPY
The Principles of NMR Spectroscopy
The Chemical Shift
Scalar Couplings
Relaxation and the Nuclear Overhauser Effect
Practical Aspects
Problems

1H NMR
General Aspects
Chemical Shifts
Spin Systems, Symmetry, and Chemical or Magnetic Equivalence
Scalar Coupling
1H-1H Coupling Constants
Problems

NMR OF 13C AND HETERONUCLEI
Properties of Heteronuclei
Indirect Detection of Spin-1/2 Nuclei
13C NMR Spectroscopy
NMR of Other Main Group Elements
NMR Experiments with Transition Metal Nuclei
Problems

PART TWO - Theory of NMR Spectroscopy

NUCLEAR MAGNETISM - A MICROSCOPIC VIEW
The Origin of Magnetism
Spin - An Intrinsic Property of Many Particles
Experimental Evidence for the Quantization of the Dipole Moment: The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
The Nuclear Spin and Its Magnetic Dipole Moment
Nuclear Dipole Moments in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field: The Zeeman Effect
Problems

MAGNETIZATION - A MACROSCOPIC VIEW
The Macroscopic Magnetization
Magnetization at Thermal Equilibrium
Transverse Magnetization and Coherences
Time Evolution of Magnetization
The Rotating Frame of Reference
RF Pulses
Problems

CHEMICAL SHIFT AND SCALAR AND DIPOLAR COUPLINGS
Chemical Shielding
The Spin-Spin Coupling
Problems

A FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF NMR EXPERIMENTS: THE PRODUCT OPERATOR FORMALISM
Description of Events by Product Operators
Classification of Spin Terms Used in the POF
Coherence Transfer Steps
An Example Calculation for a Simple 1D Experiment

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION INTO THE QUANTUM-MECHANICAL CONCEPT OF NMR
Wave Functions, Operators, and Probabilities
Mathematical Tools in the Quantum Description of NMR
The Spin Space of Single Noninteracting Spins
Hamiltonian and Time Evolution
Free Precession
Representation of Spin Ensembles - The Density Matrix Formalism
Spin Systems

PART THREE - Technical Aspects of NMR

THE COMPONENTS OF AN NMR SPECTROMETER
The Magnet
Shim Systems and Shimming
The Electronics
The Probehead
The Lock System
Problems

ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING
The Time Domain Signal
Fourier Transform
Technical Details of Data Acquisition
Data Processing
Problems

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
RF Pulses
Pulsed Field Gradients
Phase Cycling
Decoupling
Isotropic Mixing
Solvent Suppression
Basic 1D Experiments
Measuring Relaxation Times
The INEPT Experiment
The DEPT Experiment
Problems

THE ART OF PULSE EXPERIMENTS
Introduction
Our Toolbox: Pulses, Delays, and Pulsed Field Gradients
The Excitation Block
The Mixing Period
Simple Homonuclear 2D Sequences
Heteronuclear 2D Correlation Experiments
Experiments for Measuring Relaxation Times
Triple-Resonance NMR Experiments
Experimental Details
Problems

PART FOUR - Important Phenomena and Methods in Modern NMR

RELAXATION
Introduction
Relaxation: The Macroscopic Picture
The Microscopic Picture: Relaxation Mechanisms
Relaxation and Motion
Measuring 15N Relaxation to Determine Protein Dynamics
Measurement of Relaxation Dispersion
Problems

THE NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECT
Introduction
The Formal Description of the NOE: The Solomon Equations
Applications of the NOE in Stereochemical Analysis
Practical Tips for Measuring NOEs
Problems

CHEMICAL AND CONFORMATIONAL EXCHANGE
Two-Site Exchange
Experimental Determination of the Rate Constants
Determination of the Activation Energy by Variable-Temperature NMR Experiments
Problems

TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Introduction
The Appearance of 2D Spectra
Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy: How Does It Work?
Types of 2D NMR Experiments
Three-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy
Practical Aspects of Measuring 2D Spectra
Problems

SOLID-STATE NMR EXPERIMENTS
Introduction
The Chemical Shift in the Solid State
Dipolar Couplings in the Solid State
Removing CSA and Dipolar Couplings: Magic-Angle Spinning
Reintrodu