Aquatic Chemistry Concepts

PART 1: INTRODUCTION. Overview. Thermodynamic Principles. PART 2: ACID/BASE CHEMISTRY. [H+] as an Important and Meaningful Thermodynamic Variable in Aquatic Chemistry. The Proton Balance, Electroneutrality, and Mass Balance Equations. Introduction to Quantitative Equilibrium Calculations. pH as a Master Variable. Titrations of Acids and Bases. Buffer Intensity b, and the Effects of Changes in b With pH on Titration Curves. Chemistry of Dissolved CO2. Gran Titrations. PART 3: MINERAL/SOLUTION CHEMISTRY. Solubility Behaviors of Simple Mineral Salts, and Metal Oxides, Hydroxides, and Oxyhydroxides. Solubility Behavior of Metal Carbonates in Closed Systems. Solubility of Metal Carbonates in Open Systems With a Gas Phase of Constant pCO2. Solubility Control, Solubility Limitation, the Coexistence of Multiple Solid Phases, and Multiple-Solid Predominance Diagrams. Solubility as a Function of Particle Size. Solid/Solid and Liquid/Liquid Solution Mixtures. The Gibbs Phase Rule. PART 4: METAL/LIGAND CHEMISTRY. Complexation of Metal Ions by Ligands. PART 5: REDOX CHEMISTRY. Redox Reactions pe, and EH. Introduction to pe-pH Diagrams: The Cases of Aqueous Chlorine, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. pe-pH Diagrams for Aqueous Lead in the Absence of CO2. pe-pH Diagram for Aqueous Lead in the Presence of CO2 With Fixed CT. pe and Natural Systems. The pe Changes in a Stratified Lake During a Period of Summer Stagnation: An Example of a Redox Titration. PART 6: EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES ON SOLUTION CHEMISTRY. The Debye-Hückel Law and Related Equations for the Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Ions. Electrical Double Layers in the Aqueous System. Stability and Coagulation of Colloidal Suspensions. INDEX.