Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure

to Comparative Reproduction.- Seasonality of reproduction.- The egg.- Implantation and placentation.- The neonate.- Comparative values.- The Overall Problem in Man.- Pathogenesis of abortion.- Defective segmenting ova.- Ova consisting of trophoblast only.- Ova containing no chorionic cavity.- Ova showing hypoplasia of trophoblast.- Superficial implantation of an otherwise reasonably normal ovum.- Spontaneous abortion.- Ovular factors.- Pathologic ova.- Embryos with localized anomalies.- Placental abnormalities.- Maternal factors.- Criminal abortion.- Uterine abnormalities.- Febrile and inflammatory diseases.- Miscellaneous.- Anatomically normal ova.- Reproductive Failure in Domestic Mammals.- Failure in ovarian functions.- Anestrus.- Seasonal anestrus.- Anestrus during lactation.- Anestrus due to aging.- Ovarian hypoplasia.- Abnormal estrus.- "Quiet ovulation".- Cystic ovaries.- Nymphomania.- Fertilization failure and atypical fertilization.- Fertilization failure.- Aged and abnormal ova.- Aged and abnormal sperm.- Atypical fertilization.- Prenatal mortality.- Physiological mechanismsimplantation.- Endocrine factors.- Causes of prenatal mortality.- Age of dam.- Nutrition of dam.- Heredity.- Overcrowding in utero.- Thermal stress.- Semen quality.- Other pregnancy disorders.- Spontaneous abortion.- Metabolic disorders of pregnancy.- Immunological incompatibility.- Fetal mummification.- Retained placenta.- Perinatal mortality.- Neonatal mortality.- Environmental stress and reproductive failure.- Climatic stress.- Nutritional stress.- Plant estrogens.- Anatomical stress and hereditary defects.- Congenital and acquired defects.- Hereditary defects.- Intersexuality.- Freemartinism.- Physiological mechanisms of the syndrome.- Hormonal theory.- Sex-chromosome mosaicismtheory.- Diagnosis of freemartinism.- True hermaphrodites.- Comparative aspects.- Pseudohermaphroditism.- Male pseudohermaphrodite.- Female pseudohermaphrodite.- Pathogens and reproductive failure.- Bacterial infections.- Future investigations.- Cytogenetics of Abortions.- Materials and method.- Results.- Discussion.- Summary.- Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of Reproductive Failure.- Inborn errors of metabolism.- Homozygous lethals in man.- The development of enzyme systems.- Embryogenesis and organogenesis.- Chemo-Mechanics of Implantation.- Historical remarks on implantation.- Muscular stage-transport, spacing.- Adhesive stage.- Invasive stage.- Interactions of maternal and embryonic factors.- Summary.- Comparative Aspects of Steroid Hormones in Reproduction.- Possible roles for the steroid hormones in control of gestation.- Implantation.- Pituitary inhibition.- Maintenance of decidua and the endometrial implantation site.- Myometrial tone and contractility.- Length of gestation.- Mammary function.- Metabolic effects.- Summary on the role of steroid hormones in gestation.- The role of the corpus luteum in pregnancy.- Steroid endocrine role of the placenta.- Progesterone.- Estrogens.- Estrogen synthesis by the placenta.- Steroid biosynthesis by the human placenta-The feto-placental unit.- Relationship of steroid hormones to pregnancy failures.- Summary.- Protein Hormones and Gestation.- Human chorionic gonadotrophin.- History.- Biologic effects.- Rate of excretion by biologic assays.- Rate of excretion by immunologic assays.- Natural role of HCG in pregnancy.- Human placental lactogen.- History.- Biologic effects.- Luteotrophic effect.- Somatotrophic effect.- Assay and quantitation.- Extrapituitary gestational gonadotrophins in other mammals.- ProlongedGestation.- Abnormally long gestation in cattle.- Genetic factors.- Pituitary-adrenal factors.- Abnormally long gestation in sheep.- Experimental prolonged gestation.- Fetal pituitary destruction.- Fetal adrenalectomy.- Conclusions.- Oögenesis-Ovulation and Egg Transport.- Oögenesis.- Origin of primordial germ cells.- Commencement of meiosis.- Development of follicular cells.- Ovulation.- Hormone interaction.- Increase in follicular cells.- Antrum formation.- Displacement of egg.- Increase of follicular size.- Theca cell changes.- Consideration of pressure changes within follicle.- Egg transport.- Anatomy of fallopian tube.- Mechanism of movement of egg into the fallopian tube.- Mechanism of transport of egg through the fallopian tube.- Hormonal regulation of tubal activity.- Experimental Hybridization.- Rabbit × hare hybrid experiments.- Ferret × mink hybrid experiments.- Goat × sheep hybrid experiments.- Embryo transfer.- Analysis of possible causes of intrauterine death of hybrids.- Chromosomes of hybrids.- Hormonal and immunological interactions.- Summary.- Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids.- Equine chromosome morphology.- Karyotypes of major members of equidae.- Equine hybrids.- Bear chromosomes and hybrids.- Chromosomes of American and Asiatic Camelidae.- Normal structure.- Hybrids.- Canine chromosomes and hybrids.- Cervidae and hybrids.- Other interspecific hybrids.- Conclusions.- Summary.- The Sterility of Two Rare Equine Hybrids.- Material and methods.- Results.- Histology of the testis.- Chromosome studies.- Steroid determinations in testicular tissue.- Discussion.- Developmental Malformations as Manifestations of Reproductive Failure.- The placental membrane plays a complex role in the etiology of mammalian malformations.-Mumps virus.- Rat virus.- Herpes simplex virus.- H-1 virus.- There is a specific Teratogen: organ response.- Synteratogens and proteratogens.- Malformations and Defects of Genetic Origin in Domestic Animals.- The skeleton.- Entire skeleton.- The head.- The axial skeleton.- The appendicular skeleton.- The integument.- Digestive tract.- Reproduction.- Others.- Discussion.- Summary.- Bacterial Infertility in Domestic Animals.- Brucellosis.- Vibriosis.- Leptospirosis.- Listeriosis.- Summary.- Fetal Infections in Man.- Pathogenesis of fetal infections.- Clinical implications.- Correlative studies of placentitis.- Closing comments and hypothesis.- Toxoplasmosis.- Microbe.- Infection.- Acute toxoplasmosis.- Subacute toxoplasmosis.- Chronic toxoplasmosis.- Relapse.- Comparative clinical aspects.- Epidemiologic studies.- Diagnosis.- Fetal toxoplasmosis as sequel to acute infection of the mother.- Toxoplasmosis transmitted during chronic maternal infection.- Habitual abortions and embryopathies.- Sterility.- Prevention of toxoplasmosis.- Chemotherapy of toxoplasmosis.- Summary.- Mycotic Diseases in Mammalian Reproduction.- Mycosis of the uterus, placenta and fetus.- Fungus infections in cattle.- Fungus infections in horses.- Fungus infections in dogs.- Candidiasis, cryptococcosis and coccidioidomycosis in man.- Pathology of bovine and equine mycotic infection.- Pathogenesis.- Mycosis of the male reproductive system.- Conclusions.- Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure Induced in Mammals by Viruses.- Rubella virus infections of man.- Cytomegalovirus infection of man.- Equine virus abortion.- Equine infectious anemia (Swamp fever).- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Rednose).- Bovine viral diarrhea virus.- Hog cholera (Swine fever).- Blue tongue.- Scrapie (Visna).- Summary.- A Model for Virus Induced Reproductive Failure: Theory, Observations and Speculations.- Virus induced cerebellar ataxia.- Summary.- Round Table Discussion on Placental Pathology.- The number of vessels in the umbilical cord.- Gestational pathology and maternal diabetes mellitus.- Experimental viral infection of the placenta.- The lobular architecture of the human and rhesus placenta.- Degeneration of overcrowded placentae.- A uterine-amniotic pathway of infecting the rabbit fetus with Listeria monocytogenes.- Ontogenesis of the Immune Response.- Techniques of intrauterine fetal surgery.- Immunization and skin grafting of the fetus.- Thymectomy of the fetus in utero.- Permanent indwelling catheterization of the fetus in utero.- The timing of immunogenesis in the developing animal.- Antibody formation.- Homograft rejection.- Fetal lymphoid development.- Significance of immunologic immaturity.- The consequences of active immune responses by the fetus.- Beneficial consequences of active fetal immunity.- Antibody formation and hypersensitivity.- Homograft rejection.- Deleterious consequences of active fetal immunity.- Summary.- Immunological Interactions between Mother and Fetus.- Preimplantation immunological phenomena.- Implantation.- Kole of placenta.- Barrier function.- Transplantation antigens.- Trophoblast and its functions.- Fibrin layer of placenta.- Passage of cells.- Deportation of trophoblast.- Antigenicity of fetus.- Maternal immunological reactivity.- Specific immunological interactions between mother and fetus.- Hemolytic disease.- Leucoagglutinins.- Platelet antibodies.- Borrowed immunity.- Graft vs. host reaction.- Protein polymorphism.- Common antigens of placenta.- Choriocarcinoma.- Immunologic unreactivity.- Malformations produced by antibodies.- Conclusions.- Reproduction at High Altitudes.- Oxygen transfer from mother to fetus.- Physiologic condition at sea level.- Safety features.- Adjustments at high altitude.- Possible reproductive failure at high altitude.- In animals.- In man.- Historical aspects.- Congenital defects.- Summary.- Fertility and Reproductive Performance of Grouped Male Mice.- Materials and methods.- Crowding experiment I: Effects on reproductive performance.- Crowding experiment II: Effects on adrenals, reproductive organs and electroejaculation test.- Electroejaculation test.- Statistical analysis of data.- Results.- Crowding experiment I: Effects on reproduction.- Mortality and fertility.- Ovulations per pregnancy.- Implantations per pregnancy.- Litter size and intrauterine mortality.- Loss of ova between ovulation and implantation.- Sex ratio of offspring.- Crowding experiment II: Effects on adrenals, reproductive organs, and electroejaculation test.- Organ weights.- Results of electroejaculation tests.- Relation of testicular weights to semen characteristics.- Discussion and conclusions.- Closing Remarks.- Remarks.