Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health

1. Recognition of the Problem: Views from Several Angles.- 1.1. Global Patterns of Fuel Use.- 1.2. Biofuel Combustion and Air Pollution.- 1.3. Indoor Air Pollution.- 1.4. A Synthesis.- 1.5. The Purpose and Organization of This Book.- 2. The Pollutants and Their Emission Factors.- 2.1. Traditional Biofuel Usage.- 2.2. Environmental Characteristics of Indicator Pollutants.- 2.3. Measured Emission Factors.- 2.4. Comparisons with Cigarette Smoke.- 3. Ventilation and Concentrations.- 3.1. Concentration Estimates: Simple Mathematical Models.- 3.2. Concentration Estimates: Complex Models.- 3.3. Measured Concentrations.- 3.4. Ambient Concentrations of Pollutants in Rural Areas.- 3.5. Concentrations Elsewhere and Air Quality Standards.- 3.6. Comparisons with Cigarette Smoke.- 4. Exposures and Doses to Individuals and Populations.- 4.1. Estimates of Integrated Individual Exposures.- 4.2. Individual Dose Comparisons.- 4.3. Population Doses.- 4.4. Population Dose Commitments.- 4.5. Comparison with Doses from Cigarette Smoking.- 5. Estimating Health Effects by Extrapolation.- 5.1. Epidemiological Studies.- 5.2. Evidence from the Literature on Smoking and Health.- 5.3. Other Lines of Evidence.- 5.4. Conclusion to Extrapolation.- 6. Health Effects: Direct Evidence.- 6.1. Domestic Smoke Exposures: The Epidemiological Literature.- 6.2. Nepal.- 6.3. Developed Countries.- 6.4. Conclusions.- 7. Calculated Risks and Cold Reality.- 7.1. Sources of Ill-health in Developing Countries.- 7.2. Priorities for Research.- 7.3. Anecdotal Evidence.- 8. Reducing Exposures: Fuels and Stoves.- 8.1. Stove Efficiencies.- 8.2. Fuel Characteristics Affecting Emissions.- 8.3. Stove Design and Operating Characteristics.- 8.4. Comparisons.- 8.5. Fuel and Stove: A Tentative Summary.- 9. Other Remedies.- 9.1. Kerosene: The Fuel of Development.- 9.2. Upgraded Biofuels.- 9.3. Flue Gas Control.- 9.4. Ventilation Improvements.- 9.5. Loss of Smoke’s Benefits.- 9.6. Conclusion.- 10. Policy Implications.- 10.1. Rural Energy Policies.- 10.2. Rural Economic Development.- 10.3. The Status of Women.- 10.4. Public Health and Medical Care Delivery.- 10.5. Pollution Control Programs.- 10.6. The Economics of Amelioration.- 10.7. Making Choices: The Bright and Dark Sides of Small is Beautiful.- Appendix A: What Happens When Wood Burns?.- Appendix B: Energy and Moisture Content in Wood.- Appendix C: Personal and Portable Monitors for Major Biofuel Air Pollutants.- Appendix D: Health Status of Rural Women in India (by Jamuna Ramakrishna).- Appendix E: Information Sources on Biofuel-Fired LDC Cookstoves.- References.