Chemical Mutagens

1 Chemical Mutagens and Sister-Chromatid Exchange.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sister-Chromatid Exchange as a Measure of Chromosome Damage.- 3. Systems and Methods t2.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 2 Modification of Mutagenic Activity.- 1. Introduction. 41 2. Factors That Influence Metabolic Activation t2.- 3The Detection of Chemical Mutagens/Carcinogens by DNA Repair and Mutagenesis in Liver Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Types of Chemical Carcinogens.- 3. Metabolic Activation Capability of Liver.- 4. Liver Cultures.- 5. Carcinogen Metabolism in Liver Cultures.- 6. Hepatocyte Primary Culture/DNA Repair Assay.- 7. Mutagenesis of Rat Liver Epithelial Lines.- 8. Hepatocyte-Mediated Mutagenesis of Rat Liver Epithelial Lines.- 9. Discussion.- 10. References.- 4 Commercial Screening of Environmental Chemicals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transfer of Technology.- 3. Goals of Genetic Toxicology in Chemical Safety Evaluation.- 5. Legal Operation Requirements.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 5 Determining the DNA-Modifying Activity of Chemicals Using DNA-Polymerase-Deficient Escherichia coli.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Standard Assay.- 4. Modified Assay.- 5. Microsomal Activation.- 6. Results and Discussion.- 7. Comparison of the Pol A and Salmonella Assays.- 8. References.- 6 Screening of Environmental Chemical Mutagens by the Rec-Assay System with Bacillus subtilis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles and Related Background of the Rec-Assay.- 3. Experimental Procedures.- 5. Rec-Assays on Chemical Carcinogens.- 7 Transformation of Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells by Diverse Chemicals and Correlation with Their Reported Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Activities.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mammalian Cell Transformation Systems as Prescreens for Identifying Carcinogens in the Environment.- 3. Hamster Embryo Cell in Vitro Carcinogenesis Bioassay.- 4. Correlation of Transformation Response with Reported Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity.- 5. Metabolic Activation.- 6. A Battery vs. a Tier of Short-Term Tests for Identifying Potentially Carcinogenic Chemicals.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 8 Chemical Mutagenesis in the Silkworm.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Mutation Detection in the Silkworm.- 3. Procedures for Administration of Chemicals.- 5. Mosaics and Delayed Mutagenesis.- 6. Exploitation of a Sensitive Test System with Oocytes.- 7. Screening of Environmental Mutagenic Compounds.- 8. Modification of Mutagenicity by Metabolic Activation.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 9 The Use of Short-Term Tests in the Isolation and Identification of Chemical Mutagens in Complex Mixtures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Extraction Methodology.- 3. Mutagenesis Assay Methodology.- 10 Mathematical Analysis of Mutation-Induction Kinetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions.- 3. Stochastic Description of Mutagenesis and Killing.- 4. Formal Dose-Response Patterns.- 5. The Linear Response Pattern (Lk,Lm).- 6. Nonlinear Response Patterns.- 7. Illustrative Calculations of Yield Curves.- 8. Relative Mutagenic Efficiency (RME).- 9. Stochastic Dependence of Mutation and Killing.- 10. Repair-Mediated Mutagenesis.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- 12. Summary.- 13. Appendix t2.- 11 Comparison of the Mutagenic Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation and Chemicals in Normal and DNA-RepairDeficient Human Cells in Culture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Procedures.- 3. Evidence that Excision Repair Can Eliminate Potentially Cytotoxic and Mutagenic Lesions from DNA.- 12 Gene-Locus Mutation Assays in Diploid Human Lymphoblast Lines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Exposure.- 4. Selection Systems.- 5. Experimental Observations.- 6. Discussion.- 7. References.- 13 The Need for Both in Vitro and in Vivo Systems in Mutagenicity Screening.- 1. Introduction.- 3. Correlations between Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity in Salmonella.- 4. Construction of a Table of 465 Compounds with Known or Suspected Carcinogenic Activity (Table 4).- 5. Discussion of False Negatives from Table 4.- 6. Validation of Salmonella Testing as a Predictor of Carcinogenicity.- 7. Concluding Comments on Mutagenicity Testing.- 8. References.