Physics of the Earth and the Solar System

1. Dynamical Principles.- 1.1. Gravitational equilibrium.- 1.2. Dynamical equations.- 1.3. Dynamics of solid bodies.- 1.4. Transport.- 1.5. Magnetohydrodynamics.- 1.6. Conservation of magnetism and vorticity.- 1.7. Kinetic theory.- Problems.- 2. The Gravitational Field of a Planet.- 2.1. Spherical harmonics.- 2.2. Harmonic representation of the gravity field of a planet.- 2.3. Low order gravitational potential.- 2.4. Fine structure of the gravity field of the earth.- Problems.- 3. The Rotation of the earth and other Planets.- 3.1. Measurements of time and distance.- 3.2. Rotating frames.- 3.3. Slow rotation of a fluid body.- 3.4*. Equilibrium shapes of bodies in rapid rotation.- 3.5. Rigid body dynamics: free precession.- 3.6*. The rotation of the earth and its interior structure.- Problems.- 4. Tidal Effects.- 4.1. Lunisolar precession and nutation.- 4.2. Tidal potential.- 4.3. Tides in a non-rigid earth.- 4.4. Tidal harmonics.- 4.5*. Equilibrium shapes of satellites.- Problems.- 5. The Interior of the Earth.- 5.1. Seismic propagation.- 5.2*. Boundary effects.- 5.3. Internal structure of the earth.- 5.4. Heat generation and flow.- 5.5. Tectonic motions.- Problems.- 6. Planetary Magnetism.- 6.1. The main dipole field.- 6.2. Magnetic harmonics and anomalies.- 6.3. Secular changes and reversals.- 6.4*. The generation of planetary magnetic fields.- Problems.- 7. Atmospheres.- 7.1. The structure of the atmosphere.- 7.2*. Radiative transfer.- 7.3*. Gray atmospheres.- 7.4. Dynamics of the atmosphere and the oceans.- 7.5. Tropospheric turbulence.- Problems.- 8. The Upper Atmosphere.- 8.1. Ionizing effects of the solar radiation.- 8.2. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in an electron plasma.- 8.3. Electromagnetic propagation in the ionosphere.- 8.4. Structure and mass motion.- Problems.- 9. Magnetosphere.- 9.1. The guiding centre approximation.- 9.2. Trapped particles.- 9.3. Alfvén waves.- 9.4. The bow shock of the magnetosphere.- 9.5. Interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere.- 9.6*. Energetic particles in the magnetosphere.- Problems.- 10. The Two-Body Problem.- 10.1. Reduction to a central force problem.- 10.2. Keplerian orbits.- 10.3. Three-dimensional orbital elements.- 10.4. Unbound orbits.- Problems.- 11. Perturbation Theory.- 11.1. Gauss’ perturbation equations.- 11.2. Qualitative discussion of some perturbations.- 11.3. Effects of atmospheric drag.- 11.4. The perturbing function and Lagrange’s perturbation equations.- 11.5. Approximate solution methods.- 11.6. Secular effects of the oblateness of the primary.- Problems.- 12. The Restricted Three-Body Problem.- 12.1. Equations of motion and the Jacobi constant.- 12.2. Lagrangian points and zero-velocity curves.- 12.3. Stability of the Lagrangian points.- 12.4*. Tisserand’s invariant.- Problems.- 13. The Sun and the Solar Wind.- 13.1. The sun and its radiation.- 13.2. Mathematical theory of the solar wind.- 13.3. Structure of the corona and the solar wind.- 13.4. Planetary magnetospheres.- Problems.- 14. The Planetary System.- 14.1. Planets.- 14.2. Satellites.- 14.3. Asteroids.- 14.4. Comets.- 14.5. Interplanetary material and meteorites.- 14.6. Planetary rings and the Roche limit.- 14.7*. From boulders to planets.- Problems.- 15. Dynamical Evolution of the Solar System.- 15.1. Secular perturbations and the stability of the solar system.- 15.2*. Resonances and chaotic behavior.- 15.3. Tidal evolution of orbits.- 15.4. Dynamics of dust particles.- Problems.- 16. Origin of the Solar System.- 16.1. Mass and structure of the solar nebula.- 16.2. Growth and settlingof solid grains.- 16.3. Gravitational instability and formation of planetesimals.- 16.4. Collisional accumulation of planetesimals.- 16.5. Accretion.- 16.6. Formation of giant planets and minor bodies.- Problems.- 17. Relativistic Effects in the Solar System.- 17.1. Curvature of spacetime.- 17.2. Geodesics.- 17.3. Dynamics as geometry.- 17.4. Slow motion, relativistic dynamics.- 17.5. The Doppler effect.- 17.6. Relativistic dynamical effects.- 17.7*. Gravitomagnetism.- Problems.- 18. Artificial Satellites.- 18.1. Perturbations.- 18.2. Launch.- 18.3. Spacecraft.- 18.4. Geostationary satellites.- 18.5. Interplanetary navigation.- Problems.- 19. Space Telecommunications.- 19.1. The power budget.- 19.2. Spectra.- 19.3. Noise.- 19.4. Phase measurements.- 19.5. Refraction and dispersion.- 19.6*. Propagation in a random medium.- Problems.- 20. Precise Measurements in Space.- 20.1*. Least -squares fits.- 20.2. Laser tracking.- 20.3. Space astrometry.- 20.4. Planetary imaging.- 20.5. Very Long Baseline Interferometry.- 20.6. Testing relativity in space.- Problems.