Dietary Starches and Sugars in Man: A Comparison

1. The Chemistry of Starches and Sugars Present in Food.- Natural Carbohydrates.- Granular Starch Modifications.- Extensive Chemical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch.- Simple Natural Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives.- Conclusions.- 2. Structure of Starch in Food: Interaction of Starch and Sugars with Other Food Components.- Gelatinisation, Retrogradation and Resistant Starch.- Changes in Starch During and After Technological Treatments.- Protein–Starch Interaction.- Starch–Lipid Interaction.- Interaction of Starch and Sugars with Minerals.- Sugars and Protein.- Conclusions.- Addendum.- 3. The Digestion of Starches and Sugars Present in the Diet.- Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates.- Assessment of Dietary Carbohydrate Digestibility.- Factors Affecting the Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates.- Conclusion.- 4. The Role of the Gut Microflora in the Digestion of Starches and Sugars: With Special Reference to Their Role in the Metabolism of the Host, Including Energy and Vitamin Metabolism.- Classification of Carbohydrates in Foods.- Sugars.- Starches.- The Intestinal Microflora.- Implications of the Interactions with the Microflora.- Conclusions.- 5. Dietary Carbohydrate and the Kinetics of Intestinal Functions in Relation to Hexose Absorption.- The Handling of Carbohydrate by the Mammalian Small Intestine.- Transport Mechanisms for the Monosaccharides.- Characterisation of Transport Mechanisms by Kinetic Analysis.- Fructose Absorption 100 Are There Any Remaining Controversies in Hexose Absorption?.- Absorption of Free Glucose and Galactose Compared with Those Produced from Disaccharides.- Adaptations Induced by Changes in Dietary Carbohydrate.- Conclusion.- 6. The Role of Dietary Starches and Sugars and Their Digestive End Products on Gastrointestinal HormoneRelease.- Gastrointestinal Hormones.- Release of Gastrointestinal Hormones by Carbohydrates.- Conclusions.- 7. The Metabolism of Sugars and Starches.- Metabolism: General Considerations.- Glucose Metabolism.- Starch.- Glucose: Whole Body Economy.- Galactose.- Fructose.- Fructose and the Liver.- Fructose and Adipose Tissue.- Fructose Metabolism and Hyperuricaemia.- Polyols.- Carbohydrate Metabolism and Vitamins.- Non-enzymatic Glycosylation.- 8. Glycaemic Responses to Sugars and Starches.- Reasons for Measuring Blood Glucose Concentrations.- Factors Affecting Glycaemic Responses to Meals.- Glycaemic Response to Sugars and Starches in Solution.- Glycaemic Response to Sugars in Solution Versus Solid Food.- Blood Glucose Responses to Meals.- Acute and Chronic Glycaemic Responses to Sugary and Starchy Diets.- Reactive Hypoglycaemia.- Comment.- Summary and Conclusions.- 9. The Relationship Between Lipid Metabolism and Dietary Starches and Sugars.- Plasma Lipids.- Adipose Tissue.- Liver Lipid.- Conclusion.- 10. The Effects on Energy Input and Output of Dietary Starches and Sugars.- History.- Effects on Respiratory Quotient.- Effects on Dietary-Induced Thermogenesis.- Effects on Body Weight.- Possible Explanations for the Differences Between the Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates on Body Weight Loss.- Effects on Carbohydrates on Energy Input.- Conclusions.- 11. The Influence of Starch and Sugar Intake on Physical Performance.- Physical Performance.- Fatigue.- Dietary Carbohydrate Intake and Physical Performance.- Starch and Sugar Intake and Performance.- Pre-exercise Carbohydrate Intake.- Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise.- Summary.- 12. Insulin, Glucagon and Catecholamine Responses to the Ingestion of Various Carbohydrates.- Regulation of Glycaemia During an Oral Glucose Load.- Acute Insulin Response to Carbohydrates.- Acute Glucagon Response to Carbohydrates.- Acute Catecholamine Response to Carbohydrates.- Long-term Effect of Carbohydrate Feeding on the Metabolic and Hormonal Response to a Glucose Load.- Future Research and Overview.- 13. The Effect of Dietary Starches and Sugars on Satiety and on Mental State and Performance.- Satiety Effects of Carbohydrates.- Measurement of Satiety and its Mechanisms.- Satiety Effects of Sugar Solutions.- Satiety Effects of Disguised Maltodextrin.- Satiety Effects of Sweetness and of Energy Metabolism.- An Overview of Carbohydrate Actions in Satiety.- Sugary Versus Starchy Foods.- Practical Implications of Satiety Effects.- Improved Analysis of Satiety Mechanisms.- Effects on Mental Performance and Mood.