Diagnostic Imaging of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Children

1 The Clinical Context.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Renal Failure.- 1.3 Enuresis — Retention — Incontinence.- 1.4 Oliguria.- 1.5 Polyuria.- 1.6 Haematuria.- 1.7 Urinary Infection.- 1.8 Pain.- 1.9 Complexes, Syndromes and Conditions of a Generalised Nature.- 1.10 Conclusion.- 2 Investigatory Techniques.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Intravenous Urography (IVU).- 2.3 Micturition Cystourethrography (MCU).- 2.4 Injection Urethrography.- 2.5 Retrograde and Descending Contrast Medium Studies by Injection.- 2.6 Ultrasonography.- 2.7 Radioisotope Studies.- 2.8 Angiography.- 2.9 Urodynamics.- 2.10 Computed Tomography.- 2.11 Strategy and Tactics in Investigation.- 3 Obstruction in the Urinary Tract.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Acute Obstruction of the Kidney.- 3.3 Protracted Obstruction.- 3.4 Tactics in Investigation of Patients with Suspected Obstruction.- 3.5 Monitoring Progress.- 4 Urinary Infection and Vesico-ureteral Reflux.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Infection and the Bladder.- 4.3 Ureterovesical Junction: Functional Characteristics.- 4.4 Significant Factors in Vesico-Ureteral Reflux.- 4.5 Acute Kidney Infection and the Advent of the Pyelonephritic Scar.- 4.6 Sequels to Renal Scarring and Reflux.- 4.7 Investigations and Implications for Management in Urinary Infection.- 4.8 Collateral Considerations.- 4.9 Miscellaneous Urinary Infections.- 5 Nephrocalcinosis—Nephrolithiasis—Urolithiasis.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Causes of Nephrocalcinosis, Nephrolithiasis, and Urolithiasis.- 5.3 Investigation.- 5.4 Consequences of Calculi in the Urinary Tract.- 5.5 Miscellaneous Considerations Concerning the Lower Urinary Tract.- 5.6 Conclusion.- 6 Innate Abnormalities of Renal Development.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Abnormalities of Renal Parenchymal Development.- 6.3 Absent Abdominal Muscles (PruneBelly) Syndrome and Variants.- 6.4 Duplication in the Kidney and Ureters.- 7 Vesical and Urethral Problems.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Developmental Variants.- 7.3 Neoplastic Disease.- 7.4 Cystitis.- 7.5 Neuropathic Bladder.- 8 Acute Kidney Lesions.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Shock States and Kidney Damage.- 8.3 Nephritis.- 8.4 Miscellaneous Types of Kidney Damage.- 9 Renal Abdominal and Pelvic Masses.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Renal Neoplasms.- 9.3 Non-Neoplastic Renal Masses and Lesions Simulating Masses.- 9.4 Extrinsic Malignant Masses Affecting the Kidney and Urinary Tract.- 9.5 Extrinsic Benign Masses Affecting the Kidney and Urinary Tract.- 9.6 Strategy in Investigation.- 10 Adrenal and Gonadal Lesions.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Tactics in Investigation of the Adrenal.- 10.3 Adrenal Haemorrhage and Abscess.- 10.4 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Adrenogenital Syndrome).- 10.5 Cushing’s Syndrome.- 10.6 Virilizing and Feminizing Tumours of the Adrenal Gland or Gonad.- 10.7 Other Gonadal Lesions.- 10.8 Conclusion.- 11 Systemic Hypertension.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Clinical Presentation.- 11.3 Causes of Hypertension.- 11.4 Conclusion: Tactics in Investigation.- 12 Bone Changes in Chronic Renal Failure.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Cortical Bone.- 12.3 Cancellous Bone.- 12.4 Diaphyseal Lesion.- 12.5 Epiphyseal Lesion.- 12.6 General Considerations.- 12.7 Clinical Presentation.- 12.8 Conclusion.- 13 Full Circle: An Epilogue.- 13.1 Large Kidneys.- 13.2 Englargement of one Kidney.- 13.3 Small Kidneys.- 13.4 Renal Malposition.- 13.5 Renal Calcification.- 13.6 Dilated Ureters.- 13.7 Ureteric Displacement.- 13.8 Large Bladder.- 13.9 Small Bladder.- 13.10 Bladder Displacement.- 13.11 Space-occupying Lesions in Bladder.- 13.12 Syndromes with Associated Renal Malformations.- 13.13Syndromes Associated with Renal Cysts.- 13.14 Syndromes Associated with Nephropathy.- 13.15 Congenital Renal Anomalies Associated with Other System Involvement.- 13.16 Hemihypertrophy.- 13.17 Conclusion.- 14 Subject Index.