Wave-Particle Duality

1 Probability, Pseudoprobability, Mean Values.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pairs of Operators.- 3. Wigner’s Pseudodensity.- 4. Probability Spaces.- 5. Quantum Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics.- 6. Marcinkiewicz Space and Stationary Functions.- 7. Conclusion.- 2 Local Vacua.- 1. From Bell’s Theorem to Where?.- 2. Some Basic Facts about Nonlocality.- 3. How to Get Rid of the Wave Function Collapse.- 4. The Physical Nature of the Local Vacuum.- 5. Dirac’s Covariant Vacuum as an Example.- 6. Conclusion and Outlook.- 3 Causal Quantum Theory: Why a Nonstarter?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formalism and Interpretation: An Example.- 3. The “Copenhagen” Interpretation.- 4. A Logically Possible, Empirically Viable Alternative: Causal Interpretations.- 5. A Modern “Double-Slit” Experiment.- 6. The Value of an Alternative Interpretation.- 7. Oposing Commitments, Opposing Schools.- 8. Forging the “Copenhagen” Interpretation.- 9. An Alternative Historical Scenario?.- 10. Internal versus External Explanations.- 4 Duality of Fluctuations, Fields, and More.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Duality of Fluctuations.- 3. Duality of Fields.- 4. Duality of the Radiation Process.- 5. The Unobservable Wave.- 6. Discussion: Measurement and Duality.- 5 Dualism within Dualism: Open Questions.- 6 Recent Contributions of Electron Interferometry to Wave-Particle Duality.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Novel Electron-Optical Biprism Interferometer.- 3. Electron Interferometric Verifications of Wave-Particle Duality.- 7 The Aharonov-Bohm Effect From the Point of View of Local Realism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of the AB Effect.- 3. Looking Beyond the Mathematical Formalism.- 4. Local Realist Interpretation of the AB Effect.- 8 Are Two-Beam Self-Interferences Mass-Independent? Not Thoroughly Known (?) Role of theMass.- 1. Introduction and Historical Backgrounds.- 2. Propositions of New Test Experiments.- 3. Is the Dirac Assumption Approximate or Not?.- 4. Hypothetical Model: The In-flight Transition before Arrival at Detector.- 5. Theoretical Perspectives.- 6. Epistemological Remarks.- 9 Wave Mechanics and Relativity.- 1. Can We Reach Wave Mechanics Starting from Classical Mechanics?.- 2. Minimal Conditions of Wave-Particle Dualism: They Are Incompatible with Classical Mechanics and Require Relativity.- 3. A Note about a Reasoning of Hamilton.- 10 Unsharp Particle-Wave Duality in Double-Slit Experiments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Photon Split-Beam Experiment.- 3. The Unsharp Measuring Process.- 4. Information Theoretical Considerations.- 5. Realization of the Unsharp Joint Measurement of P(A) and P(B).- 6. Neutron Interference Experiments.- 11 Some Arguments against the Existence of de Broglie Waves.- 1. Distinguishing Schrödinger’s from de Broglie’s Waves.- 2. De Broglie’s Initial Concept of de Broglie Waves.- 3. Discussion of Models.- 4. Conclusion.- 12 On the “Completeness” of Quantum Mechanics.- 1. Background.- 2. Covering Theories: An Example from Electromagnetism.- 3. A Simple Covering Theory of Quantum Mechanics.- 4. Alternative “Necessitations” of the Covering Theory, Equation (2).- 13 Neutron Interferometric Tests of Quantum Mechanics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stochastic versus Deterministic Absorption.- 3. Wave Particle Measure.- 4. 4?-Symmetry of Spinors.- 5. Spin State Interferometry.- 6. Double Coil Experiments.- 7. Macroscopic Quantities in Uncertainty Relations.- 8. Experiments in Progress or in Preparation.- 9. Discussion.- 14 Gedanken Experiments on Duality.- 1. Approach.- 2. Wave-Particle Duality.- 3. Nonlocality.- 4. Combining Experiments onNonlocality and Wave-Particle Duality.- 5. Testing the Proposed Approach.- 6. Another Possible Experiment.- 7. Comparison with Concrete Situations.- 8. Nonlocality and Relativity.- 9. Extending the Approach to the Case of Momentum Correlated Photons.- 15 Wind Effect of Empty Quantum Waves in a Pfleegor-Mandel-Type Experiment for Electrons.- 1. Experiments Showing the Interference of Independent Photon Beams.- 2. Further Development of the Idea of Empty Waves.- 3. The Normal Double-Slit Experiment.- 4. Double-Slit Experiment with Two Incoherent Sources.- 5. Three Calculations of Particle Density Compared.- 6. Numerical Results Obtained with the “Guidance Formula”.- 16 Two-Photon Interference and the Question of Empty Waves.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Detection-Probability Model.- 3. Two-Photon Detection.- 4. Violation of “Strong” Bell-Type Inequalities.- 5. Two-Photon Interference on a Screen.- 6. Two-Photon Interference beyond a Beam Splitter.- 7. The Wang-Zou-Mandel Experiment.- 17 Experiments on the Aharonov—Bohm Effect.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Aharonov—Bohm Effect.- 3. Formation Process of Electron Interference Pattern—Demonstration of Wave—Particle Duality.- 4. Confirmation Experiments on the AB Effect.- 5. Conclusions.