Embryology of Angiosperms
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-642-69304-5 (ISBN)
1 Embryology: Then and Now.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Techniques to Study Embryology.- 1.3 Embryo Sacs in Anthers.- 1.3.1 Leptomeria.- 1.3.2 Calotis.- 1.3.3 Hyacinthus.- 1.4 Fritillaria Type of Embryo Sac.- 1.5 Unusual Embryological Features in Loranthaceae.- 1.5.1 Ovary-Ovule Complex.- 1.5.2 Embryo Sac.- 1.5.3 Endosperm.- 1.5.4 Embryo.- 1.5.5 Reproductive Calendar in Struthanthus vulgaris.- 1.6 Nutrition of the Ovule and Seed.- 1.6.1 Vascular Supply.- 1.6.2 Haustoria.- 1.6.3 Transfer Cells.- 1.7 Role of Persistent Pollen Tubes.- 1.8 Embryos of Doubtful Origin.- 1.8.1 Antipodal Embryos.- 1.8.2 Endospermal Embryos.- 1.9 Gymnospermous Characters in Angiosperms.- 1.9.1 Tambourissa.- 1.9.2 Butomopsis.- 1.9.3 Paeonia.- 1.10 Future Research.- References.- 2 The Microsporangium.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Morphology and Structure.- 2.3 Ontogeny.- 2.4 Wall Layers.- 2.4.1 Epidermis.- 2.4.2 Endothecium.- 2.4.3 Middle Layers.- 2.4.4 Tapetum.- 2.5 Ubisch Bodies/Orbicules.- 2.5.1 Origin.- 2.5.2 Relation to Exine Deposition: By-Product.- 2.6 Tapetal Membrane: Structure, Origin, and Significance.- 2.7 Pollenkitt and Tryphine.- 2.8 Sporogenous Tissue: Ultrastructure.- 2.8.1 Cytoplasmic Membranes and Ribosome Population.- 2.8.2 Nucleus.- 2.8.3 Nucleolar Cycle.- 2.8.4 Cytoplasmic Organelles During Meiosis.- 2.8.5 Plasmodesmata and Cytoplasmic Connections.- 2.9 Initiation and Control of Meiosis.- 2.9.1 Duration of Meiosis.- 2.9.2 Synthesis of Callose: Deposition and Significance.- 2.9.3 Cytokinesis.- 2.9.4 Cellulosic Wall of Microspore Mother Cell.- 2.10 Some Unusual Features.- 2.11 Conclusions.- References.- 3 The Ovule.- 3.1 Historical.- 3.2 Ovular Morphology.- 3.3 Ovule Initiation.- 3.4 Nucellus.- 3.5 Megasporogenesis.- 3.6 Integuments.- 3.7 Types of Ovules.- 3.8 Vascular Supply of the Ovule.- 3.9 Special Structures.- 3.10 Ovule Reduction.- 3.11 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 The Female Gametophyte.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Types of Megagametophyte Development.- 4.3 Development of the Megagametophyte.- 4.3.1 The Megaspore.- 4.3.2 The Coenocytic Megagametophyte.- 4.4 The Relation with the Nucellar Tissue.- 4.5 Organization of the Embryo Sac.- 4.5.1 The Synergids.- 4.5.2 The Egg Cell.- 4.5.3 The Central Cell.- 4.5.4 The Antipodal Cells.- 4.6 Female Gametophyte Development.- References.- 5 The Pollen Grain.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Pollen Structure and Cytochemistry.- 5.2.1 Pollen Shape.- 5.2.2 Pollen Cytology.- 5.2.3 Pollen-wall Structure.- 5.2.4 The Pollen Tube.- 5.2.5 Structural Adaptations of Pollen for Dispersal.- 5.3 Formation of Pollen.- 5.3.1 Cytology of Development.- 5.3.2 The Primexine.- 5.3.3 Establishment of Apertures.- 5.3.4 Exine Differentiation and Maturation.- 5.3.5 Intine Synthesis and Deposition.- 5.3.6 Mechanism of Cohesion in Composite Pollen.- 5.3.7 Pollen Sterility.- 5.4 Pollen Germination and Pistil Interactions.- 5.4.1 Pollen Quality.- 5.4.2 Pollen Germination and Tube Development.- 5.4.3 Diagnostic Landmarks of Pollination.- 5.4.4 Role of Pollen in Fertilization and Seed-setting.- 5.5 Pollen-wall Proteins and Allergens.- 5.6 Conclusions and Future Developments.- References.- 6 Fertilization.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Stigma and Style.- 6.2.1 Function and Structure of the Stigma.- 6.2.2 The Nature of the Stigma Covering.- 6.2.3 Function and Structure of the Style.- 6.3 Pollen Germination.- 6.3.1 Sticking and Hydration.- 6.3.2 Pollen Tube Formation and Growth.- 6.3.3 The Sperm Cell.- 6.4 Pollen-Pistil Interaction.- 6.4.1 Pollen Recognition, Acceptance, and Rejection.- 6.4.2 Pollen Incompatibility.- 6.4.3 Entry of Pollen Tube into Stigma and Style.- 6.4.4 Pollination Effects.- 6.5 Entrance and Discharge in Embryo Sac.- 6.5.1 Course of the Pollen Tube.- 6.5.2 Entry into the Embryo Sac.- 6.5.3 Growth Through the Filiform Apparatus.- 6.5.4 Entry into the Synergid.- 6.5.5 Transfer of Tube Content.- 6.6 Fusion of Gametes.- 6.6.1 Fusion of Nuclei.- 6.7 The Progamic Phase and Fertilization.- References.- 7 The Endosperm.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Nuclear Endosperm.- 7.2.1 Wall Formation.- 7.2.2 Cucurbitaceae.- 7.2.3 Leguminosae.- 7.2.4 Palmae.- 7.2.5 Proteaceae.- 7.2.6 Histochemistry and Ultrastructure.- 7.3 Cellular Endosperm.- 7.3.1 Acanthaceae.- 7.3.2 Cyrillaceae.- 7.3.3 Gesneriaceae.- 7.3.4 Icacinaceae.- 7.3.5 Santalaceae.- 7.3.6 Loasaceae.- 7.3.7 Loranthaceae.- 7.3.8 Scrophulariaceae.- 7.3.9 Histochemistry and Ultrastructure.- 7.4 Helobial Endosperm.- 7.4.1 Salient Features in Monocotyledons.- 7.4.2 Histochemistry and Ultrastructure.- 7.5 Ruminate Endosperm.- 7.6 Central Cell.- 7.6.1 Central Cell Cytoplasm.- 7.6.2 Central Cell Nucleus.- 7.6.3 Covering of the Central Cell.- 7.7 Wall Formation in Endosperm.- 7.8 Cytology of the Endosperm.- 7.9 Reserve Materials in Developing Endosperm.- 7.9.1 Protein Bodies.- 7.9.2 Starch.- 7.10 Embryo-Endosperm Relationship.- 7.11 Incorporation of Nucellus and Integument in Endosperm Formation.- 7.12 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- 8 The Embryo.- 8.1 Historical.- 8.2 Zygote.- 8.2.1 Structure and Composition.- 8.2.2 Size Adjustments.- 8.2.3 Polarity.- 8.3 Early Embryogenesis.- 8.3.1 Cell Patterns.- 8.3.2 Tetrad, Quadrant, and Octant Proembryos.- 8.3.3 Stages Leading to Mature Embryo.- 8.4 Classification Based on Early Development of the Embryo.- 8.4.1 Systems Suggested by Schnarf and Johansen.- 8.4.2 System Suggested by Souèges.- 8.4.3 Other Systems of Classification.- 8.5 Differentiation in Embryo.- 8.6 Dicot and Monocot Embryo.- 8.7 The Grass Embryo.- 8.8 The Embryo in Palms.- 8.9 Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Aspects.- 8.10 Suspensor: Structure and Function.- 8.11 Deviations from Usual Development.- 8.11.1 Embryogeny in Paeonia.- 8.11.2 Embryos Devoid of Organs.- 8.11.3 Chimeral Embryos.- 8.12 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 9 Polyembryony.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Classification.- 9.2.1 Simple Polyembryony.- 9.2.2 Multiple Polyembryony.- 9.3 Nucellar Polyembryony.- 9.3.1 Rutaceae.- 9.3.2 Anacardiaceae.- 9.3.3 Myrtaceae.- 9.3.4 Cactaceae.- 9.3.5 Orchidaceae.- 9.4 Integumentary Polyembryony.- 9.4.1 Endothelial Polyembryony.- 9.5 Zygotic and Suspensor Polyembryony.- 9.5.1 Zygotic Polyembryony.- 9.5.2 Suspensor Polyembryony.- 9.6 Synergid Polyembryony.- 9.6.1 Twins and Triplets.- 9.7 Polyembryony in Hybrids.- 9.8 Causes of Polyembryony.- 9.9 Induction of Polyembryony.- 9.10 Utilization of Plural Embryos.- References.- 10 Gametophytic Apomixis.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.1.1 Definitions.- 10.1.2 Synonyms.- 10.1.3 Remarks on Terminology.- 10.2 Embryology of Gametophytic Apomicts.- 10.2.1 Development of Unreduced Embryo Sacs.- 10.2.2 Formation of Endosperm and Embryo.- 10.2.3 Male Meiosis and the Male Gametophyte.- 10.3 Apomixis and Sexuality.- 10.3.1 Sexual Potentials in Gametophytic Apomicts.- 10.3.2 Possibilities of Influencing the Degree of Apomixis.- 10.4 Causes and Consequences of Apomixis.- 10.4.1 Heterozygosity and Variability.- 10.4.2 Causes of Gametophytic Apomixis; Components of Apomixis in Sexual Plants.- 10.4.3 Apomixis and Polyploidy.- 10.4.4 Agamic Species Complexes and Their Evolution.- 10.5 Genetics of Gametophytic Apomixis.- 10.5.1 Dominant or Recessive Inheritance?.- 10.5.2 Some Critical Remarks.- 10.5.3 Some Results, Conclusions, and Prospects.- 10.6 Apomixis and Breeding Conclusions.- References.- 11 Role of Polyploidy in Reproductive Organs and Tissues.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Methods of Polyploidization and Ploidy Determination.- 11.2.1 Acytokinetic Mitosis (AM).- 11.2.2 Spindle Fusion (SF).- 11.2.3 Restitutional Mitosis (RM).- 11.2.4 Endomitosis (Em).- 11.2.5 Chromosome Endoreduplication (Er).- 11.2.6 Ploidy Determination.- 11.3 Anther.- 11.3.1 Anther Wall and Connective.- 11.3.2 Tapetum.- 11.3.3 Pollen Grains.- 11.4 Ovule.- 11.4.1 Nucellus.- 11.4.2 Integument(s) and Endothelium.- 11.5 Embryo Sac.- 11.5.1 Egg Cell.- 11.5.2 Synergids.- 11.5.3 Proendospermic Cell.- 11.5.4 Antipodal Cells.- 11.6 Endosperm.- 11.6.1 Origin and Types of Endosperm.- 11.6.2 Polyploidy in the Endosperm.- 11.7 Embryo.- 11.7.1 Embryo Proper.- 11.7.2 Suspensor.- 11.7.3 Nonzygotic Embryos.- 11.8 Physiological Role of Polyploidy.- 11.9 Future Research.- References.- 12 The Seed: Structure.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.1.1 Importance of Seeds.- 12.1.2 Historical Survey.- 12.2 Structure of Seeds.- 12.2.1 General Morphology.- 12.2.2 Vascular Supply of the Seed.- 12.2.3 Seed Types.- 12.2.4 Development and Structure of Seed-coats.- 12.2.5 Differentiation.- 12.2.6 The Seed-coat Surface.- 12.2.7 Stomata in Seed-coats.- 12.3 Special Structures, Adaptations, and Functions.- 12.3.1 Sarcotestal Seeds.- 12.3.2 Arillate Seeds.- 12.3.3 Jaculator.- 12.3.4 Winged Seeds.- 12.3.5 Haired Seeds.- 12.3.6 Dust and Balloon Seeds.- 12.3.7 Hydrochoric Seeds.- 12.3.8 Mucilage Seeds.- 12.3.9 Active Dispersal of Seeds (Autochoric Seeds).- 12.3.10 Color of Seeds.- 12.4 Adaptations to Germination.- 12.4.1 Opercula.- 12.4.2 Imbibition Lids.- 12.4.3 Epistase and Hypostase.- 12.5 Rumination and Labyrinth Seeds.- 12.5.1 Labyrinth Seeds.- 12.6 Storage Tissue.- 12.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13 The Seed: Germination.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 General Considerations.- 13.2.1 Internal Morphology.- 13.2.2 Composition of Seeds and Reserve Foods.- 13.3 Germination: Structural, Compositional, and Physiological Changes.- 13.3.1 Dicotyledons.- 13.3.2 Monocotyledons.- 13.4 Storage and Aging of Seeds: Structure and Physiology.- References.- 14 Embryology and Taxonomy.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Embryological Features of Taxonomic Importance.- 14.3 Applications of Embryology to Problems of Family Relationships.- 14.3.1 Podostemaceae.- 14.3.2 Basellaceae.- 14.3.3 Stachyuraceae.- 14.3.4 Frankeniaceae.- 14.3.5 Tropaeolaceae.- 14.3.6 Salvadoraceae.- 14.3.7 Centrolepidaceae.- 14.4 Applications of Embryology to Problems of Taxonomic Structure Within Families.- 14.4.1 Aizoaceae.- 14.4.2 Vacciniaceae.- 14.4.3 Zannichellia.- 14.5 Applications of Embryology to Problems of Generic Affinity and Assignment.- 14.5.1 Ploiarium.- 14.5.2 Filicium.- 14.5.3 Nyctanthes-Jasminum.- 14.5.4 Ophiopogon.- 14.5.5 Kyllinga.- 14.5.6 Burmannia pusilla.- 14.6 Contributions of Embryology to Taxonomic Problems Still Unsolved.- 14.6.1 Erythroxylaceae-Linaceae.- 14.6.2 Theligonaceae.- 14.6.3 Blandfordia.- 14.6.4 Philydraceae.- 14.6.5 Eriocaulaceae.- 14.7 Confirmation or Alteration of Earlier Conclusions.- 14.7.1 Cactaceae.- 14.7.2 Garryaceae.- 14.7.3 Orobanchaceae.- 14.7.4 Pentaphragma.- 14.8 Embryology in Relation to Taxonomy - the Prospect.- 14.8.1 Cornus.- 14.8.2 Glycine and Phaseolus.- 14.8.3 Eustachys petraea and E. glauca.- References.- 15 Homologies and Phylogeny.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.1.1 Sexuality and Overall Phylogeny.- 15.2 Microsporangia.- 15.2.1 Microsporangium Wall.- 15.2.2 Microsporangium Content.- 15.2.3 Microsporangium Number and Position.- 15.3 Megasporangia.- 15.3.1 General Structure.- 15.4 Ontogeny of Nucellus.- 15.4.1 Tapetum/Endothelium.- 15.4.2 Megasporangium Content.- 15.4.3 A Proposed Macroevolution of Meiosporic Structures.- 15.5 Male Gametophyte.- 15.5.1 Extrinsic to Angiosperms.- 15.5.2 Intrinsic to Angiosperms.- 15.6 Female Gametophyte.- 15.6.1 Female Sexual Structures in Chlorophyta Extrinsic to Angiosperms.- 15.6.2 Embryo Sac.- 15.6.3 Diversity in Embryo Sacs.- 15.6.4 Ontogeny of Embryo Sac as Compared to Female Gametophyte of Taxus.- 15.7 Pollen Reception by Female Organ.- 15.7.1 Fertilization.- 15.7.2 Double Fertilization, Extrinsic to Angiosperms.- 15.7.3 Intrinsic to Angiosperms.- 15.7.4 Cytology of Zygote Formation.- 15.8 Embryogenesis.- 15.8.1 Albuminogenesis (or Endosperm Formation) in Angiosperms.- 15.8.2 Embryo.- 15.9 Seed.- 15.9.1 Time Relations in the Development of Seed.- 15.9.2 Diversity in Seed Structure.- 15.10 Concluding Remarks.- 15.10.1 Questions Raised by Natural Diversities.- 15.10.2 Questions Raised by Suggested Experiments.- References.- 16 Experimental Embryology.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 The Problems: Role of Experimental Embryology.- 16.3 Techniques of Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture.- 16.4 Floral Organs and Buds.- 16.4.1 In Vivo Studies.- 16.4.2 In Vitro Studies.- 16.5 Anther and Pollen Culture.- 16.5.1 Cultural Procedure and Nutritional Requirements.- 16.5.2 Anther Culture.- 16.5.3 Pollen Culture.- 16.5.4 The Pollen Plants.- 16.5.5 Use of Haploids.- 16.6 Ovary, Ovule, and Nucellus Culture.- 16.6.1 Ovary Culture.- 16.6.2 Ovule Culture.- 16.6.3 Nucellus Culture.- 16.7 Control of Fertilization.- 16.7.1 Intra-ovarian Pollination and Fertilization.- 16.7.2 In Vitro Pollination of Ovules and Fertilization.- 16.7.3 Inter- and Intrageneric Hybrids.- 16.8 Endosperm Culture.- 16.8.1 Immature Endosperm.- 16.8.2 Mature Endosperm.- 16.8.3 Embryo-Endosperm Relationship.- 16.8.4 Organogenesis in Endosperm Cultures.- 16.9 Embryo Culture.- 16.10 Polyembryony.- 16.11 Control of Embryogenesis.- 16.11.1 Loss of Embryogenic Potency.- 16.11.2 Ontogeny of Embryos.- 16.12 Protoplast Culture.- 16.12.1 Embryogenesis and Regeneration.- 16.12.2 Protoplast Fusion and Somatic Hybridization.- 16.12.3 "Pomatoes" and "Topatoes".- 16.13 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Plant Index.
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 18.11.2011 |
---|---|
Zusatzinfo | XXVI, 834 p. |
Verlagsort | Berlin |
Sprache | englisch |
Maße | 170 x 244 mm |
Gewicht | 1458 g |
Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Botanik |
Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zellbiologie | |
Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Zoologie | |
Schlagworte | Embryo • Embryology • Reproductive system |
ISBN-10 | 3-642-69304-0 / 3642693040 |
ISBN-13 | 978-3-642-69304-5 / 9783642693045 |
Zustand | Neuware |
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