Parasitic Orobanchaceae (eBook)

1. Introduction: The parasitic syndrome in higher plants Henning S. Heide-Jørgensen1.1 Parasitism in plants1.2 Hemi- and holoparasitism1.3 The haustorium1.4 Dispersal and germination strategies1.5  Host range1.6  Geographical distribution1.7  The parasitic plant families1.8. Parasite look-alikeReferences Part I: The Orobanchaceae and their parasitic mechanisms2. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic OrobanchaceaeDaniel M. Joel            2.1   How do we define the haustorium in the Orobanchaceae?            2.2    Life cycles of facultative and obligate OrobanchaceaeReferences3. Functional structure of the mature haustoriumDaniel M. Joel            3.1   Introduction            3.2    Haustorium diversity            3.3    Lateral and terminal haustoria            3.4    Morphological features of terminal haustoria            3.5    Roots of hemiparasites            3.6    Morphological features of lateral haustoria            3.7    The anatomical complexity of haustoria            3.8    Tissue organization within the mature haustorium            3.9    The conductive system             3.10   Developmental aspects of the vascular system            3.11   The mature endophyte            3.12   The haustorial neck             3.13   The base of lateral haustoria             3.14   The base of terminal haustoria            3.15   Exceptional haustoria            3.16   Are haustoria homologous to roots?             3.17   Concluding remarksReferences4.   Haustorium initiation and early developmentPradeepa C.G. Bandaranayake and John I. Yoder                                                                           4.1     Introduction            4.2     Early haustorium development            4.3     Haustorium initiation factors            4.4     Haustorium signal transduction            4.5     Evolutionary origins            4.6     ConclusionsReferences5.   Haustorium invasion into host tissues Alejandro Pérez-de-Luque            5.1    Introduction            5.2    Preparing for penetration            5.3    Penetration             5.4    Duration of penetration            5.5    Avoiding defences: tricks of war            5.6    ConclusionsReferences 6.  The physiology of the established parasite-host associationJames H. Westwood            6.1  General physiological considerations            6.2    Nutrient acquisition and transport             6.3    Direction of movement            6.4   Hormone interactions             6.5   Macromolecules             6.6   ConclusionsReferences7.  Host reaction to attack by root parasitic plants Michael P. Timko and Julie D. Scholes            7.1 Introduction            7.2  General mechanisms of host resistance            7.3 Histological characteristics of the host resistance responses            7.4 Genetic Basis of Resistance             7.5 Cell signalling and gene expression in host defence responses            7.6 Conclusions and perspectiveReferences 8.  Seed production and dispersal in the Orobanchaceae Daniel M. JoelReferences9.   The seed and the seedlingDaniel M. Joel and Hilla Bar            9.1   Surface structure            9.2   Anatomy             9.3   Water absorption            9.4   Site of signal perception            9.5   Nutrient transfer during germination            9.6   The seedling             9.7   Concluding remarksReferences10.   Induction of germinationKoichi Yoneyama, Carolien Ruyter-Spira, Harro Bouwmeester            10.1   Introduction            10.2   Strigolactones             10.3   Non-strigolactone germination stimulants             10.4   Can germination be a target in the control of parasitic weeds?             10.5   Concluding remarksReferences11.  Germination eco-physiologyAlistair J. Murdoch and Ermias Kebreab            11.1   Introduction            11.2   Seed survival in dry storage            11.3   Seed survival in moist storage            11.4   Dormancy and quiescence             11.5   From relief of dormancy to the initiation of germination             11.6   Germination             11.7   ConclusionReferences12.  Are karrikin signalling mechanisms relevant to strigolactone perception?David C. Nelson            12.1   Introduction            12.2   Karrikins, germination stimulants found in smoke            12.3   Regulation of plant development by karrikins and strigolactones            12.4   Karrikin and strigolactone responses are MAX2-dependent            12.5   KAI2 and D14 are required for specific responses to karrikins and strigolactones            12.6   Common elements of karrikin, strigolactone, and gibberellin signalling            12.7   D14/DAD2 is a candidate receptor for strigolactones            12.8   What can Arabidopsis thaliana tell us about parasitic weed germination?             12.9   ConclusionReferences 13.  Changing host specificities: by mutational changes or epigenetic reprogramming?Toby J.A. Bruce and Jonathan Gressel            13.1  Introduction            13.2  Static evidence for intraspecific variation in host specificity            13.3  Evidence for rapid dynamic intraspecific changes in host specificity            13.4  Critically differentiating between classical genetic evolution and epigenetic adaptation                        13.5    Does it matter to parasite management whether classical genetic evolution o epigenetic adaptation? References 14.  Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends in Orobanchaceae Gerald M. Schneeweiss            14.1   Introduction            14.2   Phylogenetic relationships             14.3   Phylogenetic relationships of weedy taxa             14.4   Evolutionary trends: some examples             14.5   OutlookReferences15.  Genomic evolution in Orobanchaceae Susann Wicke            15.1  Introduction            15.2  The nuclear genome             15.3  The plastid genome            15.4  The mitochondrial genome            15.5  Horizontal DNA transfer            15.6  ConclusionsReferences 16.  Ecology of hemi-parasitic Orobanchaceae with special reference to their interaction with plant communitiesDuncan D. Cameron and Gareth K. Phoenix            16.1   Introduction            16.2   Interactions between parasitic plants and their hosts at the individual scale             16.3   Orobanchaceae in plant communities: multiple impacts, multiple consequences             16.4   Interactions across multiple trophic levels             16.5    Parasitic plant impacts on nutrient cycling            16.6    Conclusions and future directionsReferences Part II: The weedy Orobanchaceae and their control17.  Weedy Orobanchaceae – The problemJonathan Gressel and Daniel Joel18.  The parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae Chris Parker            18.1   Introduction            18.2  The weedy broomrapes: Orobanche and Phelipanche species            18.3   The weedy witchweeds: Striga species             18.4   Alectra species             18.5    Rhamphicarpa fistulosa              18.6   Other Orobanchaceae occasionally proving weedy             18.7   ConclusionReferences19.  Population diversity and dynamics of parasitic weedsBelén Román            19.1    Introduction            19.2   Genetic diversity and population dynamics            19.3   Impacts of life history on population demography and genetics             19.4   Future prospectsReferences20.  Molecular diagnosis of parasite seed banksJane Prider,  Kathy Ophel Keller and  Alan McKay            20.1   Introduction            20.2   Sample collection             20.3   Test development            20.4   Test validation            20.5   Test applications             20.6   Other applications            20.7   ConclusionsReferences21.  Marker-assisted and physiology-based breeding for resistance to Orobanchaceae Begoña Pérez-Vich, Leonardo Velasco, Patrick J. Rich and Gebisa Ejeta            21.1  Introduction             21.2  Physiology-based breeding            21.3  Marker assisted breedingReferences 22.   Integrated agronomic management of parasitic weed seed banks Yaakov Goldwasser and Jonne Rodenburg            22.1  Introduction            22.2  Phytosanitary measures            22.3  Reduction of parasite seed production and crop damage             22.4  Methods to reduce existing seed banks             22.5  Integrating agronomic management practices            22.6   ConclusionsReferences23.  Chemical controlHanan Eizenberg, Joseph Hershenhorn, Jhonathan H. Ephrath, and Fred Kanampiu            23.1    Introduction -the complexity of chemical control of parasitic weeds            23.2   Herbicides             23.3   The use of herbicides and fumigants             23.4   Models for optimizing herbicide application            23.5   Broomrape control by herbicide-resistant crops            23.6   New and future approaches            23.7   ConclusionsReferences24.  Biotechnologies for directly generating crops resistant to parasitesJonathan Gressel            24.1   Introduction            24.2   Target site herbicide resistances             24.3   When will the parasites evolve herbicide resistance?             24.4   Biotechnologically directly conferring crop resistance to the parasites             24.5   Other biotechnological approaches             24.6   ConclusionsReferences25.  Allelopathy John A. Pickett, Antony M. Hooper, Charles A.O. Midega and Zeyaur R. Khan            25.1   Introduction            25.2   Allelopathic mechanism by which Desmodium controls Striga in maize            25.3   Long term needs            25.4 ConclusionsReferences26.  BiocontrolAlan K. Watson            26.1 Introduction            26.2 Insects attacking broomrapes and witchweeds             26.3 Biocontrol of parasitic weeds with microorganisms             26.4 Path to commercialization of a Striga bioherbicide            26.5 Conclusions and future possibilitiesReferences Index