Biomechanics of the Human Urinary Bladder (eBook)

1                The Bladder as a Dynamic System 1.1  Anatomy of the human urinary bladder1.2  Detrusor muscle1.2.1       Morphology of smooth muscle1.2.2       Electromechanical activity of the detrusor1.2.3       Pacemaker activity1.3  Neurohormonal regulatory system1.3.1       Anatomical considerations1.3.2       Neurotransmission1.3.3       Electrophysiological characteristics of neurons1.4  Morphofunctional states in the bladder1.4.1       Bladder filling1.4.2       Bladder voidingReferences            2.         Investigations into Biomechanics of the Bladder 2.1       Biomechanics of the detrusor2.2       Modelling of the bladder                  References 3                Geometry of Thin Shells 3.1       The bladder as a thin biological shell3.2       Geometry of the shell3.3       Tensor of affine deformation3.4       Equations of continuity of deformations3.5       Equations of equilibrium            References      4                Essentials of the Theory of Soft Shells 4.1  Deformation of the shell4.2  Principal deformations4.3  Membrane forces4.4  Principal membrane forces4.5  Equations of motion in general curvilinear coordinates4.6  Nets4.7  Corollaries of the fundamental assumptions                  References 5                Continual Model of the Detrusor 5.1            Basic assumptions5.2            Model formulation5.3            Biofactor5.4            Special casesReferences 6                A Model of the Detrusor Fasciculus 6.1            Formulation of the model6.2            Physiological condition6.3            Effects of pharmacological and extracellular ion changes on electromechanical activity of the detrusor6.3.1    Changes in 6.3.2    L- and T-type channel antagonists6.3.3    BKCa channel agonist/antagonist6.3.4    K+ channel agonist/antagonist6.3.5    - ATPase  inhibitorsReferences 7                The Intrinsic Regulatory Pathways 7.1            Models of electrical activity of neurons7.2            A model of neuronal assembly in the bladder7.3            Response of the detrusor to stretching7.4            Pharmacology of the neuronal pathway7.4.1       Effect of iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin7.4.2       Effect of ω-CgTX7.4.3       Effect of TTX7.4.4       Effect of purinoceptor agonists7.4.5       Effect of protein kinase C activatorReferences 8                The Synaptic Transmission 8.1            A model of the synapse8.2            cAMP-dependent pathway8.3            PLC-dependent pathway8.4            Physiological response8.5            Variations in synaptic neurotransmission8.5.1       Chloride salts of divalent cations8.5.2       Change in [ ]8.5.3       b - bungarotoxin8.5.4       Botulinum toxin8.5.5       Tetrodotoxin8.5.6       High frequency stimulation8.5.7       Inhibition of neuronal uptake-1 mechanismReferences                   9                Pharmacology of Detrusor Activity 9.1       Classes of drugs9.2       Current pharmacological therapies of bladder dysfunction9.3       Model of competitive antagonist action9.4       Model of allosteric interaction9.5       Allosteric modulation of competitive agonist/antagonist action9.6       Effect of cholinergic antagonists/agonists9.7       Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase9.8       Effect of b - adrenoceptor antagonists            References                   10              Human Urinary Bladder as a Soft Biological Shell 10.1     Basic assumptions10.2     Model of the bladder10.3     Bladder mechanics                              10.3.1  Filling stage                              10.3.2  Voiding stage                              10.3.3  Pharmacological modulation of voiding 11                        Challenges in Human Urinary Bladder Mechanics 11.1         Urine-bladder interaction11.2         Brain-bladder axis11.3         Bladder substitutes                  ReferencesIndex