Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations

Frank R. Spellman is a retired U.S. Naval Officer with 26 years of active duty, a retired environmental safety & health manager for a large wastewater sanitation district in Virginia, and retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA. The author/co-author of 87 books, Spellman consults on environmental matters with the US Department of Justice, and various law firms and environmental entities around the globe. Spellman holds a BA in Public Administration, BS in Business Management, MBA, and MS/PhD in Environmental Engineering.

Section I Water and Wastewater Operations: An Overview


Current Issues in Water and Wastewater Treatment Operations


Introduction


Sick Water


Publicly Owned Treatment Works: Cash Cows or Cash Dogs?


The Paradigm Shift


Multiple-Barrier Concept


Management Problems Facing Water and Wastewater Operations


Water/Wastewater Operators


Introduction


Setting The Record Straight


The Computer-Literate Jack or Jill


Plant Operators as Emergency Responders


Operator Duties, Numbers, and Working Conditions


Operator Certification and Licensure


Upgrading Security


Introduction


Consequences of 9/11


Security Hardware/Devices


SCADA


Energy Conservation Measures and Sustainability


Introduction


Pumping System Energy Conservation Measures


Design and Control of Aeration Systems


Blowers


Water/Wastewater References, Models, and Terminology


Setting the Stage


Treatment Process Models


Key Terms, Acronyms, and Abbreviations Used in Water and Wastewater Operations


Section II Water/Wastewater Operations: Math, Physics, and Technical Aspects


Water/Wastewater Math Operations


Introduction


Calculation Steps


Equivalents, Formulae, and Symbols


Basic Water/Wastewater Math Operations


Applied Math Operations


Water Math Concepts


Wastewater Math Concepts


Water/Wastewater Laboratory Calculations


Science Fundamentals


Introduction


Force and Motion


Acceleration


Force


Newton's Laws of Motion


Work


Energy


Momentum


Circular Motion


Angular Motion


Angular Velocity


Angular Acceleration


Torque


Angular Momentum


Gravity


Thermal Properties


States of Matter


Wave Motion and Sound


Light


Color


Blueprint Reading


Blueprints: The Universal Language


Units of Measurement


Alphabet of Lines


Dimensions and Shop Notes


Machine Drawings


Sheet Metal Drawings


Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings


Welding Blueprints and Symbols


Electrical Drawings


AC&R Drawings


Schematics and Symbols


Electrical Schematics


General Piping Systems and System Schematics


Hydraulic and Pneumatic System Schematic Symbols


Water Hydraulics


What Is Water Hydraulics?


Basic Concepts


Stevin's Law


Density and Specific Gravity


Force and Pressure


Head


Flow and Discharge Rates: Water in Motion


Piezometric Surface and Bernoulli's Theorem


Well and Wet Well Hydraulics


Friction Head Loss


Basic Piping Hydraulics


Open-Channel Flow


Flow Measurement


Fundamentals of Electricity


Nature of Electricity


The Structure of Matter


Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators


Static Electricity


Magnetism


Difference in Potential


Current


Resistance


Battery-Supplied Electricity


Simple Electrical Circuit


Ohm's Law


Electrical Power


Electrical Energy (Kilowatt-Hours)


Series DC Circuit Characteristics


Ground


Open and Short Circuits


Parallel DC Circuits


Series-Parallel Circuits


Conductors


Electromagnetism


AC Theory


Inductance


Practical Electrical Applications


Hydraulic Machines: Pumps


Introduction


Basic Pumping Calculations


Centrifugal Pumps


Positive-Displacement Pumps


Water/Wastewater Conveyance


Delivering the Lifeblood of Civilization


Conveyance Systems


Definitions


Fluids vs Liquids


Maintaining Fluid Flow in Piping Systems


Piping System Accessories


Piping System Temperature Effects and Insulation


Metallic Piping


Nonmetallic Piping


Tubing


Industrial Hoses


Pipe and Tube Fittings


Valves


Piping System Protective Devices


Piping Ancillaries


Section III Characteristics of Water


Basic Water Chemistry


Chemistry Concepts and Definitions


Chemistry Fundamentals


Water Solutions


Water Constituents


Common Water Measurements


Water Treatment Chemicals


Chemical Drinking Water Parameters


Water Microbiology


Introduction


Microbiology: What Is It?


Water/Wastewater Microorganisms


Key Terms


Microorganism Classification and Differentiation


The Cell


Bacteria


Protozoa


Microscopic Crustaceans


Viruses


Algae


Fungi


Nematodes and Flatworms (Worms)


Water Treatment and Microbiological Processes


Wastewater Treatment and Microbiological Processes


Water Ecology


Introduction


What Is Ecology?


Why Is Ecology Important?


Why Study Ecology?


History of Ecology


Levels of Organization


Ecosystems


Energy Flow in the Ecosystem


Food Chain Efficiency


Ecological Pyramids


Productivity


Population Ecology


Stream Genesis and Structure


Benthic Life


Benthic Plants and Animals


Benthic Macroinvertebrates


Typical Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Running Waters


Summary of Key Terms


Water Quality


Introduction


Water Cycle


Water Quality Standards


Water Quality Characteristics of Water and Wastewater


Biomonitoring, Monitoring, Sampling, and Testing


What Is Biomonitoring?


Periphyton Protocols


Fish Protocols


Macroinvertebrate Protocols


Biological Sampling in Streams


Drinking Water Quality Monitoring


General Preparation and Sampling Considerations


Test Methods for Drinking Water and Wastewater


Section IV Water and Water Treatment


Potable Water Source


Earth's Blood


Introduction


Hydrologic Cycle


Sources of Water


Surface Water


Groundwater


Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water


Surface Water Quality/Treatment Requirements


Public Water System Quality Requirements


Well Systems


Watershed Protection


Introduction


Current Issues in Water Management


What Is a Watershed?


Watershed Protection and Regulations


A Watershed Protection Plan


Reservoir Management Practices


Watershed Management Practices


Eight Tools of Watershed Protection


Water Treatment Operations


Introduction


Waterworks Operators


Purpose of Water Treatment


Stages of Water Treatment


Pretreatment


Coagulation


Flocculation


Sedimentation


Filtration


Disinfection


Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water


Who Is Ultimately Responsible for Drinking Water Quality?


Section V Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment


Wastewater Treatment Operations


Wastewater Operators


Wastewater Terminology and Definitions


Measuring Plant Performance


Wastewater Sources and Characteristics


Wastewater Collection Systems


Preliminary Treatment


Primary Treatment (Sedimentation)


Secondary Treatment


Activated Sludge


Disinfection of Wastewater


Advanced Wastewater Treatment


Solids (Sludge/Biosolids) Handling


Permits, Records, and Reports


Appendices


Index