Marine Biology

Jeffrey S. Levinton is Distinguished Professor of Ecology and Evolution at Stony Brook University.

PART I: PRINCIPLES OF OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE ECOLOGY
Chapter 1. Sounding the DeepMarine Biology as a DisciplineHistorical Background of Marine BiologyObservation and Hypothesis TestingHabitats and Life Habits: Some Definitions
Chapter 2. The Oceanic EnvironmentThe Open Oceans and Marginal SeasTopography and Structure of the Ocean FloorThe Ocean Above the SeabedCirculation in the Open Sea: Patterns and CausesSeawater Density and Deep CirculationThe Greenhouse Effect and Changing Ocean ClimateHypothesized Effects of Climate Change on Sea Level, Circulation, and Ocean ChemistryThe Edge of the Sea
Chapter 3. Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Marine BiologyEcological InteractionsThe Ecological HierarchyInteractions on the Scale of IndividualsThe Population LevelThe Community Level: Structure and Interspecies InteractionsThe Ecosystem LevelSpecies, Genetic Variation, Evolution, and Biogeography

PART II: MARINE ORGANISMS: FUNCTION AND ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 4. The Chemical and Physical EnvironmentMeasures of Physiological PerformanceTemperatureHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 4.1 Global Warming: How Can We Tell If We Are at the Edge?SalinityOxygenLight
Chapter 5. Life in a Fluid MediumIntroductionDensity, Viscosity, and Reynolds NumberGOING DEEPER 5.1 Is Seawater Always Seawater? A Tale from the Regions of Intermediate Reynolds NumberMoving WaterWater Moving over Surfaces and Obstructions, Such as OrganismsUsing Water Motion for Biological AdvantageHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 5.1 Flow Is a Drag, but It Sure Can Smell Good
Chapter 6. Reproduction, Dispersal, and MigrationEcological and Evolutionary Factors in SexHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 6.1 A Lover and a FighterReproduction, Demography, and Life CyclesMigrationHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 6.2 Great Oceanic Migrations that Dwarf the SerengetiLarval Dispersal: The Long and the Short HaulThe Microscale: Larval Settlement, Metamorphosis, and Early Juvenile SurvivalThe Mesoscale: Transport by Currents, Loss of Larvae, and Retention MechanismsHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 6.3 How to Get a Free Ride Out to SeaPlanktonic Larvae: Getting Through Major Obstacles to the Final DestinationThe Macroscale: Major Separations Lead to Biogeographic StructurePlanktonic Dispersal: Why Do They Do It?

PART III: ORGANISMS OF THE OPEN SEA
Chapter 7. PlanktonIntroduction and DefinitionsMarine Bacteria and ArchaeaEukaryotic PhytoplanktonZooplanktonLife in the Open SeaDefense Against PredationHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 7.1 Bioluminescence, Night Vision, and Death in the DeepDiurnal Vertical Migration of the ZooplanktonMolecular Techniques to Identify Planktonic Microorganismal DiversityGOING DEEPER 7.1 DNA: The Basics
Chapter 8. Marine Vertebrates and Other Nekton CephalopodsFishMammalsHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 8.1 Whales and Wonder DogsMarine Birds and ReptilesHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 8.2 Last March of the Penguins? Climate Change and a Bottom-Up Trophic Cascade

PART IV: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES IN THE WATER COLUMN
Chapter 9. Processes in the Open SeaCritical Factors in Plankton AbundancePatchiness of the PlanktonThe Seasonal Pattern of Plankton AbundanceWater Column Parameters and the Spring Diatom IncreaseLightGOING DEEPER 9.1 The Basics of PhotosynthesisNutrients Required by PhytoplanktonRate of Nutrient UptakeHarmful Algal BloomsHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 9.1 Angry Birds and Lost Seals: Solution of the Effects of a Mysterious PoisonPhytoplankton Succession and the Paradox of Phytoplankton CoexistenceThe Microbial Loop: Nutrient Cycling by Viruses, Heterotrophs and ChemoautotrophsZooplankton Grazing in the SeaGOING DEEPER 9.2 Quantification of the Effect of Grazing
Chapter 10. Productivity, Food Webs, and Global Climate ChangeProductivity, Food Webs, and Global Climate ChangeProductivity and BiomassFood Chains and Food WebsMeasuring Primary ProductivityGOING DEEPER 10.1 How to Calculate Productivity, Using the Oxygen TechniqueGOING DEEPER 10.2 Using the Radiocarbon Technique to Estimate ProductivityGeographic Distribution of Primary ProductivityGlobal Climate Change and the Global Carbon PumpClimate Change: Some Records and Effects on Oceanic Processes

PART V: ORGANISMS OF THE SEABED
Chapter 11. Benthic Microorganisms, Seaweeds, and Sea GrassesThe Big Picture: Domains of LifeBacteriaEukaryaMarine Protists, Fungi, and Multicellular AlgaeSingle-Celled Forms of EukaryaDiatomsFungiSeaweedsSea Grasses
Chapter 12. The Diversity of Benthic Marine InvertebratesHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 12.1 From Where Did All This Invertebrate Diversity Come?Kingdom Protista: Single-Celled OrganismsPhylum Porifera: Sponges, Simplest of AnimalsPhylum Cnidaria: Hydrozoans, Jellyfish, Anemones, and CoralsPhylum Platyhelminthes: FlatwormsPhylum Nemertea: Ribbon WormsPhylum Nematoda: The RoundwormsPhylum Annelida: Segmented WormsPhylum Sipuncula: Peanut WormsPhylum Ponogonophora: Gutless WondersPhylum Mollusca: Shelled Invertebrates (Mostly)Phylum Arthropoda: Jointed AppendagesThe Lophophorate PhylaPhylum Bryozoa: Moss AnimalsPhylum Brachiopoda: Lingulas and LampshellsPhylum Phoronida: Wormlike Animals with a LophophorePhylum Echinodermata: Animals with Fivefold SymmetryPhylum Chordata: The Sea Squirts
Chapter 13. Benthic Life HabitsLife Habit ClassificationLife in Mud and SandGOING DEEPER 13.1 Measuring Grain Size of SedimentsSoft Sediments and the Role of Burrowers in Sedimentary StructureDeposit Feeding in Soft SedimentsSuspension FeedingLife Habits on Hard Surfaces and in Moving WatersBenthic CarnivoresHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 13.1 Diary of a Stinging SnailBenthic Herbivores

PART VI: COASTAL BENTHIC ENVIRONMENTS
Chapter 14. The Tidelands Rocky Shores, Soft-Substratum Shores, Marshes, Mangroves, Estuaries, and Oyster ReefsRocky Shores and Exposed BeachesSoft-Sediment Interactions in Protected Intertidal AreasHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 14.1 The Powerful Interaction of Invasion and Climate ChangeSpartina Salt MarshesHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 14.2 The Molecular Sleuth, Part I: Invasion of a Very Aggressive GenotypeMangrove ForestsEstuariesOyster Reefs
Chapter 15. Sea Grass Beds, Rocky Reefs, Kelp Forests, and Coral ReefsSea Grass BedsThe Rocky Reef-Kelp Forest SystemHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 15.1 Reorganization of a Rocky Subtidal Ecosystem: A Cod and Lobster TaleSubtidal Rocky ReefsKelp ForestsCoral Reefs

PART VII: FROM THE SHELF TO THE DEEP SEA
Chapter 16. From the Continental Shelf to the Deep SeaThe Subtidal LandscapeSampling the Subtidal Soft-Bottom BenthosSediment Type and Benthic DistributionThe Deep-Sea GradientThe Shelf-Deep-Sea GradientDeep-Sea BiodiversityDeep-Sea Island Hotspots of High DiversityCold-Water Deep Coral MoundsSeamountsHot-Vent Environments, Cold Seeps, and Whale-Fish FallsPressure ChangePolar EnvironmentsArctic Subtidal Polar EnvironmentsThe Antarctic Shelf Benthos - A Special Case of Isolation
Chapter 17. Biodiversity and Conservation of the OceanDiversity, Speciation, Extinction, and Biogeographic FactorsMajor Gradients of Species DiversityExplanations of Regional Diversity DifferencesConserving Marine BiodiversityMarine Invasions

PART VIII. HUMAN IMPACT ON THE SEA
Chapter 18. Fisheries and Food from the SeaThe Fishery Stock and Its VariabilityStocks and MarkersLife History and Stock SizeStock Health and ProductionGOING DEEPER 18.1 A Simple Model to Explain the Maximum Sustainable YieldFishing Techniques and Their EffectsFisheries Impact and ManagementHot Topics in Marine Biology 18.1 Is Fisheries Policy at Odds with Managing Marine Ecosystems?Causes and Cures of Stock ReductionGOING DEEPER 18.2 Age-Based or Life-History Stage-Based Population ModelsOverexploitation of Whales: A Case HistoryOther Types of DegradationDisease as a Major Danger to Coastal FisheriesMaricultureDrugs from the Sea: Marine Natural Products
Chapter 19. Environmental Impacts of Industrial Activities and Human PopulationsHuman Effects on the Marine EnvironmentMeasuring the Impact of Pollutants on Populations and CommunitiesToxic SubstancesHOT TOPICS IN MARINE BIOLOGY 19.1 Is the Gulf of Mexico Adapted to Oil?Nutrient Input and EutrophicationThermal Pollution and Power Station Fish MortalityGlobal Environmental Change and the Ocean