Advances in Hepatic Encephalopathy and Metabolic Nitrogen Exchange

Hepatic Nitrogen Metabolism: The Liver in Metabolic Nitrogen Homeostasis-Role of Urea Synthesis (H. Vilstrup, T. Almdal, O. Hamberg, B. Hansen, and H. Heindorff). Thyroid Hormones and Hepatic Nitrogen Metabolism (A. Fabbri, G.P. Bianchi, E. Bugianesi, E. Motta, M. Brizi, and G. Marchesini). Functional Hepatic Nitrogen Clearance in Growth Hormone Deficient Patients (T. Wolthers, T. Grofte, J.O.L. Jorgensen, N. Moller. N. Vahl, J.S. Christiansen, H. Orskov, and H. Vilstrup). Endotoxin-Induced Nitric Oxide Synthase in Perfused Rat Liver and Its Relation to Urea Cycle (M. Wettstein and D. Häussinger). Comparison between Linear and Nonlinear Mathematical Modeling of Amino Acid to Urea Conversion (G.P. Bianchi, R. Bolzani, G. Marchesini, and E. Sarti). Differences in Control of Gluconeogenesis and Ureagenesis by Glucagon and Insulin (T. Almdal, H. Heindorff, O. Hamberg, and H. Vilstrup). Interleukin-1ß: Regulation of Urea Synthesis In Vivo in Rats (H. Heindorff, T. Almdal, O. Hamberg, and H. Vilstrup). Regulation of Hepatic Amino-N to Urea-N Conversion in Cirrhosis by Glucose (O. Hamberg, T. Almdal, H. Heindorff, and H. Vilstrup). Protein Metabolism: Muscle in Protein Turnover in Patients with Liver Disease (N. Reynolds and M.J. Rennie). Increased Glutamine Transport in Cultured Myotubes After Methionine Sulfoximine Treatment (L.B. Tadros, P.M. Taylor, N.M. Willhoft, and M.J. Rennie). Modulation by Endotoxin of Intestinal and Hepatic Glutamine Exchange in Single and Combined Organ Perfusion (M. Plauth, A. Raible, M. Gregor, and F. Hartmann). Protein Turnover Measurements with 15N-Glycine in Patients with Liver Disease-An Evaluation (J.W.O. van den Berg, G.R. Swart, T. Rietveld, and J.L.D. Wattimena). Regulation of Protein Turnover in Perfused Cultures of Rat Hepatocytes (P. Elsner, J. Dich, and N. Grunnet). Effects of Meal Absorption on Whole Body and Hepatic Protein Synthesis in Normal Humans (E. Volpi, P. Lucidi, G. Cruciani, F. Monacchia, M. Britta, G.P. Reboldi, F. Santeusanio, G. Bolli, P. Brunetti, and P. De Feo). Whole Body Protein Turnover Rates and Body Composition Before and After Liver Transplantation (G.R. Swart, H.J. Metselaar, E.J. Hesselink, and J.W.O. van den Berg). Renal Ammonia Metabolism: Effects of Reduced Glutamine Delivery on Renal and Amino Acid Metabolism in Rats In Vivo (N.E.P. Deutz, C.H.C. Dejong, and S. Heeneman). Renal Ammonia Metabolism During Acute Hyperammonemia (C.H.C. Dejong, N.E.P. Deutz, and P.B. Soeters). Renal Ammonia Metabolism during Chronic Hyperammonemia (C.H.C. Dejong, N.E.P. Deutz, and P.B. Soeters). Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology: Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Hepatic Encephalopathy (R.F. Butterworth). Hepatic Encephalopathy and Brain Tryptophan (F. Bengtsson, R. Bergqvist, M. Bugge, and B. Jeppsson). Endogenous Modulation of the Ionotropic Gabaergic Receptor Function and Hepatic Encephalopathy (E. Costa, A. Guidotti, and J.D. Rothstein). Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmission and Ammonia Toxicity (F. Moroni, G. Mannaioni, G. Cherichi, P. Leonardi, V. Carlà, and G. Lombardi). Ammonia in the Pathogenesis of HE: Glutamine Transaminase K-w-Amidase Pathway in Brain (A.J.L. Cooper and D.G. Abraham). Regional Alterations in Brain Amino Acids in Sparse-Fur (spf/Y) Mutant Mice with Chronic Congenital Hyperammonemia (L. Ratnakamuri, I.A. Qureshi, and R.F. Butterworth). Cerebral Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Congenitally Hyperammonemic Sparse-Fur (spf/Y) Mice: Effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine (I.A. Qureshi, L. Ratnakamuri, and R.F. Butterworth). The Role of Ammonia in Brain Dysfunction Due to Liver Failure (R.A. Hawkins and A.M. Mans). Role of Astrocytes in the Detoxification of Circulating Ammonia (J.C. Szerb and I. Redondo). Is There a Synergistic Role for Extracellular Glutamate and Ammonia in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy? (B.A.P.M. Vogels, D.K. Bosman, M.A.W. Maas, G.G.A. Jörning, and R.A.F.M. Chamuleau). Prevention of Ammonia-Induced Toxicity in Astrocytes by L-Methionine-DL-Sulfoximine (M.D. Norenberg, R.E. Isaacks, R.S. Dombro, and A.S. Bender). Molecular Mechanism of Acute Ammonia Toxicity and of Its Prevention by L-Carnitine (V. Felipo, M.D. Miñana, and S. Grisolía), Cerebral Cortex Ammonia and Glutamine Metabolism during Chronic Liver Failure in Rats (C.H.C. Dejong, N.E.P. Deutz, and P.B. Soeters). Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands in the Pathogenesis of HE: The Relationship between Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligand Concentrations and Severity of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Humans and an Animal Model of Acute Liver Failure (A.S. Basile, Z.-Q. Gu, C. Yurdaydin, P.M. Harrison, R.D. Hughes, L. Pannel, A. McKinney, E.A. Jones, and R. Williams). The Role of Gut Bacteria in the Accumulation of Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands in Hepatic Encephalopathy (C. Yurdaydin, T.J. Walsh, H. Engler, A.S. Basile, and E.A. Jones). Amino Acids, Amines, and Zinc in the Pathogenesis of HE: Kynurenine, Non-Transmitter Indoles and Encephalopathy in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis (E. Holm, M. Möller, B. Viell, B. Pohlmann-Eden, H. Leweling, M. Schlüter, and M. Tokus). Cause and Composition of Fetor Hepaticus (A. Tangerman, M.T. Meuwese-Arends, and J.B.M.J. Jansen). Sulfate Excretion in Hepatic Encephalopathy (E. Bugianesi, G.P. Bianchi, A. Fabbri, E. Motta, M. Brizi, M. Zoli, and G. Marchesini). Influence of Branched Chain Amino Acids on Glutamine Levels in Rats with Hyperammonemia due to Urease Treatment or Acute Liver Failure (A. Püspök, H. Hörtnagl, A. Herneth, P. Steindl, C. Yurdaydin, E. Roth, and P. Ferenci). Effect of Branched Chain Amino Acids on the Central Serotoninergic and Noradrenergic System in Rats with Hepatic Encephalopathy (P. Steindl, A. Püspök, A. Herneth, Hörtnagl, and P. Ferenci). Brain Indoles and Their Receptors in Human Hepatic Encephalopathy (H.A. Mardini, N. Ferrier, P.G. Ince, K. Bartlett, and C.O. Record). The Influence of Serotonin Antagonists on Hepatic Encephalopathy in Rats with Thiocetamide-Induced Liver Failure (A.M. Herneth, A. Püspök, P. Steindl, C. Yurdaydin, and P. Ferenci). Extracellular Brain Taurine during Acute Hepatic Failure and Acute Hyperammonemia Simulating Acute Hepatic Failure, in Rabbits Using In Vivo Brain Dialysis (R.J. de Knegt and S.W. Schalm). Cerebrospinal Fluid Taurine in Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy (J. Lavoie, G. Therrien, and R.F. Butterworth). Cerebral Zinc Content in Hepatic Encepthalopathy (K. Grüngreiff, G. Wolf, M. Böhme, K. Abicht, and K. Dietzmann). Animal Models: Optimal Animal Models for the Study of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (K.D. Mullen). Effect of a Casein-Purified Diet on the Growth of Portacaval Shunted Rats (J.C. Teran, K.D. Mullen, H. Conjeevaram, K. Kaminsky-Russ, and A.J. McCullough). Early Loss of Day-Night Rhythms Following Portacaval Anastomosis in the Rat (G. Therrien, C. Rose, and R.F. Butterworth). Effect of Growth Factors in the Therapy of Encephalopathy during Acute Hepatic Failure Induced in Dogs by Acetaminophen Administration (A. Francavilla, A. Azzarone, G. Carrieri, U. Cillo, D. Van Theil, J.G. Prelich, V. Subbotin, and T.E. Starzl). Synaptosomal Oxygen Consumption in Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Encephalopathy in Rats (K. Oppong, H.A. Mardini, K. Bartlett, and C.O. Record). "Peripheral-Type" Benzodiazepine Receptors Are Increased in Both Inherited and Acquired Hyperammonemias (V.L. Raghavendra Rao, I.A. Qureshi, and R.F. Butterworth). Microvascular Features in Experimental Rat Cirrhosis: A S.E.M. Corrosion Cast Study (E. Gaudio, L. Pannarale, P. Onori, and O. Riggio). The Influence of Portal-Systemic Shunting on Spontaneous Behavior in the Rat (B. Theander, M. Bugge, G. Andersson, B. Hindfelt, and F. Bengtsson). Changes of Small Intestine Mucosal Absorption, Permeability and Structure Following Portacaval Shunt in Rats (B. Jeppsson, N. Pantzar, P. Bergqvist, P. Sharma, I. Hägerstrand, and F. Bengtsson). New Techniques, MR Spectroscopy and Imaging: Clinical Experience with Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Chronic (and Subclinical) Hepatic Encephalopathy (B.D. Ross, R. Kreis, A. Geissler, T. Ernst, and T. Shonk). Quantitation of Portosystemic Shunting by Ultrasound-Guided Application of 99MTc-Macroaggregates in a Splenic Vein (H.P. Meyer, J. Rothuizen, W.E. van den Brom, G. Voorhout, F.J. van Sluijs, K.L. How, and Y.W.E.A. Pollak). In Vivo Rate of Glutamine Synthesis in the Brain of Hyperammonemic Rat Measured by 15N NMR (K. Kanamori and B.D. Ross). Impairment of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Liver Cirrhosis (P. Burra, L. Rossaro, M. Dam, G. Pizzolato, F. Orlando, E. Baldi, A. Graziotto, P. Inturri, M. Salvagnini, and R. Naccarato). Cerebral 31P MRS in Patients with Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy (S.D. Taylor-Robinson, J.D. Bell, J. Sargentoni, D.J. Bryant, R.J. Mallalieu, and M.Y. Morgan). Systematic MRI-Study of the Brain in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis (K. Weissenborn, C. Ehrenheim, A. Hori, S. Kubicka, and M. Manns). Diagnosis and Assessment of HE: Interindividual Variability and Clinical Use of the Number Connection Tests A and B (K. Weissenborn, N. Rückert, and H. Hecker). Comparison of Computer-Based Psychometric Tests and Number Connection Test in the Detection of Subclinical Hepatic Encephalopathy (P. Amodio, F. Del Piccolo, P. Marchetti, C. Merkel, L. Caregaro, D. Sacerdoti, P. Angeli, and A. Gatta). Prospective Study on Psychopathological Syndromes in Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: Preliminary Results (J. Wiltfang, A. Thiel, H. Becker, K. Weisdsenborn, P. Beigel, H. Emrich, E. Rüther, R. Dengler, and M. Manns). Usefulness of Visual Evoked Potential in Assessment of Hepatic Encephalopathy (L. Pastore, L.M. Valenza, S. Di Piazza, M.G. Filippazzo, S. Morello, S. Cottone, A. Conti, P. Monaco, and L. Pagliaro). Subclinical Hepatic Encepthalopathy and Number Connection Test in Cirrhosis: Prognostic Value (M. Siciliano, D. Tomasello, and L. Rossi). Determination of Ammonia in Capillary and Arterial Blood Simultaneously Using the Blood Ammonia Checker II (J.C. Quero, J.R. Huizenga, R.A.F.M. Chamuleau, B.G. Blijenberg, C.H. Gips, and S.W. Schalm). Therapy of Hepatic Encephalopathy: The Effect of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate on Mild Encephalopathy due to Portosystemic Shunting and Hyperammonemia (B.A.P.M. Vogels, J. Slotboom, J.G. de Haan, W.M.M.J. Bovée, G. Quack, and R.A.F.M. Chamuleau). Use of Rifaximin in the Therapy of Chronic Portal Systemic Encephalopathy of Cirrhotics (M. Quartini, S. Coaccioli, A. Massimetti, S. Manganelli, N. Gazzaneo, A. Massimetti, S. Manganelli, N. Gazzaneo, S. Greco, and A. Puxeddu). L-Ornithine-L-Aspartate (OA) in the Treatment of Hyperammonemia and Hepatic Encephalopathy-Experimental Aspects and Results of an Overview on Controlled Clinical Trials (G. Kircheis, H. Erbler, R. Görtelmeyer, and H.O. Conn). Arginine-Malate Improves Vigilance in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis and Low-Grade Hepatic Encephalopathy (C. Held, G. Mauer, and I. Ahlbehrendt). Effects of Percutaneous Splenic Artery Embolization on Hepatic Encephalopathy and Blood Ammonia Levels in Cirrhotics (G. Bombardieri, P.G. Falappa, A.R. Cotroneo, R. Mauro, L.R. Conti, and L. Bernardi). Oral Sodium Benzoate in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy (C. Panella, F.W. Gugliemi, T. Mastronuzzi, F. Contento, N. Siciliano, and A. Francavilla). Flumazenil Therapy for Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients: A Double-Blind Pragmatic Randomized Crossover Study (J.F. Cadranel, M. El Younsi, and P. Opolon). Randomized Study of Low-Dose Lactitol in Cirrhotics with Subclinical Encephalopathy (F. Salerno, P. Moser, A. Maggi, G. Vitaliani, and G. Benetti). Metabolic Aspects of Liver Cirrhosis: Oxidative and Nonoxidative Glucose Metabolism in Cirrhotics: Effect of Two Insulin Doses (P. Giovannetti, M. Merli, O. Riggio, M. Foniciello, F. Leonetti, P. Meddi, G. Tamburrano, and L. Capocaccia). Metabolic Effects of Refeeding in Liver Cirrhosis (B. Campillo, P.N. Bories, B. Pornin, M. Leluan, and P. Fouet). Reversing Effect of Fructose 1.6 Diphosphate on Fructose-Induced Hyperuricemia in Cirrhosis (C. Loguercio, G. Nardone, P. Sicolo, C. Del Vecchio Blanco, and G. Budillon). No Increase in Urinary Calcium Excretion Follows Amino Acid Oral Administration (F.S. Dioguardi and M. Brigatti). Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Chronic Liver Disease (F.W. Gugliemi, T. Mastronuzzi, F. Contento, F. Scatigna, N. Siciliano, C. Panella, and A. Francavilla). Liver Cell Physiology: Evaluation of Metabolic Activity of Hepatocytes Encapsulated in the Hollow Fiber (S. Garwacki, W. Karlik, M. Wiechetek, and A. Werynski). Hypo-Osmotic Cell-Swelling Induced Taurine Release from Rat Liver (H.S. Brand, A.J. Meijer, L.A. Gustafson, and R.A.F.M. Chamuleau). Intestinal Glucose Absorption Modulates Hepatic Glutamine Exchange in Isolated Gut-Liver Perfusion (A. Raible, M. Plauth, D. Vieillard-Baron, D. Bauder-Gross, M. Gregor, and F. Hartmann). Round Table on the Therapy of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Disaccharides and Antibiotics in the Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy (P. Blanc, D. Larrey, and H. Michel). The "Pros" of Intravenous BCAA in Hepatic Encephalopathy (E. Holm). The Cons of BCAA in Patients with Cirrhosis and Acute Encephalopathy (L.S. Eriksson). Benzodiazepine Antagonists and the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy (E.A. Jones, C. Yurdaydin, and A.S. Basile). Benzodiazepine Antagonist for Hepatic Encephalopathy: Not Effective, But Sometimes Useful (W.S. Schalm, C.C.D. van der Rijt). Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acid Therapy in Cirrhosis: Can Meta-Analysis Give an Answer? (G. Marchesini, A. Fabbri, N. Magrini, G.P. Bianchi, and M. Zoli). BCAA Oral Supplementation: Cons (F. Fiaccadori, G. Pedretti, P. Pizzaferri, and C. Ferrari). New Approaches in Hepatic Encephalopathy (M. Uribe, S. Moran, and G. de la Mora).