Biology of the Integument

I Introduction, Intercellular Junctions and Cilia.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Intercellular Junctions.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Desmosomes.- 2.3 Gap Junctions.- 2.4 Septate Junctions.- 2.5 Tricellular Junctions.- 2.6 Tight Junctions.- 3 Cilia.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Ciliary Beat Patterns.- 3.3 Ciliary Structure.- 3.4 Mechanisms of Ciliary Motility.- 3.5 Control of Ciliary Activity.- II The Diploblastic Level.- 4 Introduction to the Diploblastic Level.- 5 Cnidaria: Cell Types.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Epithelial Cells.- 5.3 Mucous Cells.- 5.4 Nerve Cells.- 5.5 Sense Cells.- 5.6 Interstitial Cells.- 6 Cnidaria: Cnidae.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Terminology.- 6.3 The Structure of Cnidae.- 6.4 The Functioning of Cnidae.- 6.5 The Functions of Cnidae.- 6.6 The Chemistry of Cnidae.- 6.7 Conclusions.- 7 Cnidaria: Secreted Surface.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Settlement and Attachment.- 7.3 Food Capture and Surface Cleaning.- 7.4 Self-Recognition.- 7.5 Support and Protection.- 7.6 Conclusion and Questions.- 8 Cnidaria: Permeability, Epidermal Transport and Related Phenomena.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Permeability Properties of Apical Epidermal Membranes.- 8.3 Other Phenomena Related to the Outer Epidermal Surface.- 9 Ctenophora.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Glandular Cells.- 9.3 Ciliated Cells (Other than Locomotory).- 9.4 Single Sensory Cells.- 9.5 The Locomotory System.- 9.6 Apical Organ.- 9.7 The Integument of the Tentacles: the Colloblast.- 9.8 Other Cell Types.- III Acoelomata.- 10 Turbellarian Platyhelminths.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Morphology of Epidermal Cells.- 10.3 Cell Web.- 10.4 Intercellular Junctions.- 10.5 Ultrarhabdites and Other Secretory Products of Epithelial Cells ("Epitheliosomes").- 10.6 Extracellular Matrices.- 10.7 Cilia.- 10.8 Non-Epithelial Cells of the Body Wall.- 10.9 Epidermal Growth and Replacement.- 10.10 Phylogenetic Significance.- 11 Parasitic Platyhelminths.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Trematoda: Larval Stages Monogenea, Digenea, and Aspidogastrea.- 11.3 Trematoda: Adult.- 11.4 Cestoda: Larval Stages.- 11.5 Cestoda: Adult.- 11.6 Summary.- 12 Platyhelminth Host-Parasite Interface.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Structure and Function of Parasite Surfaces.- 12.3 Properties of the Surface Membrane and Interface.- 12.4 Host-Parasite Interface and Adhesiveness.- 12.5 Survival Tactics of Parasites Confronted by Effectors of Host Resistance.- 12.6 The Host-Parasite Interface: Some New Directions.- 12.7 Conclusion.- 13 Nemertea.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Ciliated Supporting Cells.- 13.3 Gland Cells.- 13.4 Epidermal Enzymes.- 13.5 Sensory Cells.- 13.6 Basal Cells.- 13.7 Other Epidermal Features.- IV Pseudocoelomata.- 14 Nematoda.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Cells.- 14.3 Cuticle.- 14.4 Conclusion.- 15 Acanthocephala.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Structural Organization.- 15.3 Integumentary Nutrient Uptake.- 16 Minor Pseudocoelomates.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Gastrotricha.- 16.3 Kinorhyncha.- 16.4 Rotifera.- 16.5 Priapulida.- 16.6 Nematomorpha.- 16.7 Kamptozoa (Entoprocta).- 16.8 Gnathostomulida.- V Annelida.- 17 Epidermal Cells.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Supporting Cells.- 17.3 Basal Cells.- 17.4 Gland Cells.- 17.5 Sensory Cells.- 17.6 Gills.- 17.7 Clitellum.- 18 Chaetae.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Structure.- 18.3 Composition.- 18.4 Development.- 19 Cuticle.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Ultrastructure.- 19.3 Histochemistry.- 19.4 Biophysics and Biochemistry.- 19.5 Subcuticular Bacteria.- 19.6 Function.- 20 Permeability and Epidermal Transport.- 20.1 Introduction.- 20.2 Terminology and Basic Concepts.- 20.3 Exchange of Respiratory Gases.- 20.4 Transpiration.- 20.5 Water Permeability in Aquatic Annelids.- 20.6 Monovalent Ion Transport in Freshwater Annelids.- 20.7 Ion Transport in Terrestrial Annelids?.- 20.8 Monovalent Ion Transport in Brackish-Water and Marine Annelids.- 20.9 Transport of Other Ions.- 20.10 Transport of Organic Compounds.- 20.11 Role of the Cuticle.- 20.12 Conclusion.- VI Annelid-Related Phyla and Cuticle Evolution.- 21 Echiura and Sipuncula.- 21.1 Echiura.- 21.2 Sipuncula.- 22 Pogonophora.- 22.1 Structure.- 22.2 Permeability.- 23 Evolution of the Cuticle in the Lower Eumetazoa.- 23.1 Introduction and Definitions.- 23.2 On the Origin of True Cuticles.- 23.3 The Primitive Condition of True Cuticles.- 23.4 The Lines of Cuticle Specializations Within the Cnidaria and the Lower Bilateria.- 23.5 The Function of Primitive Eumetazoan Cuticles.- VII Mollusca.- 24 Epidermal Cells.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Epidermal Cell Types.- 24.3 Wound Repair.- 24.4 Byssus.- 24.5 Operculum.- 24.6 Siphon Sheath.- 24.7 Mucus.- 24.8 Radula.- 24.9 Beaks.- 25 Shell.- 25.1 Introduction.- 25.2 Shell Structure.- 25.3 Chemical Constituents of Shells.- 25.4 Cellular Aspects of Shell Formation.- 25.5 Hinge System.- 25.6 Operculum.- 26 Permeability and Epidermal Transport.- 26.1 Introduction.- 26.2 Permeability in Marine Molluscs.- 26.3 Permeability in Freshwater Molluscs.- 26.4 Permeability in Terrestrial Molluscs.- 26.5 Conclusion.- VIII Arthropoda.- 27 Epidermal Cells.- 27.1 Introduction.- 27.2 The Basic Structure of an Epidermal Cell.- 27.3 Epidermal Differentiation.- 27.4 The Cytoskeleton, Cell Movement and Morphogenetic Shape Change.- 27.5 Cuticle Secretion and the Control of Cuticular Compartments.- 27.6 The Intermoult/Moult Sequence of Epidermal Activity.- 27.7 General Factors Controlling Epidermal Activity.- 27.8 Local Controlling Factors and Cell Communication.- 27.9 Summary and Conclusions.- 28 Chemo-, Hygro-, and Thermoreceptors.- 28.1 Introduction.- 28.2 General Morphology of Arthropod Exteroceptors.- 28.3 Structure and Function in Insect Olfactory Receptors.- 28.4 Structure and Function in Insect Gustatory Receptors.- 28.5 Structure and Function in Insect Hygro- and Thermoreceptors.- 28.6 Sensilla in Other Arthropod Classes.- 28.7 Conclusions.- 29 Mechanoreception.- 29.1 Introduction.- 29.2 Hair Sensilla.- 29.3 Strain Detectors.- 29.4 Conclusion.- 30 Cuticle: Biochemistry.- 30.1 Introduction.- 30.2 Cuticular Components.- 30.3 Stabilization of Cuticles.- 31 Cuticle: Organization.- 31.1 General Structure.- 31.2 The Size Levels of Structure.- 31.3 Physical Colours.- 32 Cuticle: Mechanical Properties.- 32.1 Introduction.- 32.2 Types of Mechanical Properties Important for Cuticles.- 32.3 Relationship of Cuticular Structure to Mechanical Properties.- 32.4 Relationship of Composition to Mechanical Properties.- 32.5 Relationship of Mechanical Properties to Function.- 32.6 Mechanical Properties During Development.- 32.7 Effect of Calcification on Mechanical Properties.- 33 Cuticle: Formation, Moulting and Control.- 33.1 Introduction.- 33.2 Formation of the Cuticle During Moult-Intermoult Cycle.- 33.3 Sequence of Events in the Epidermal Cells.- 33.4 Organogenesis and Moulting of Organules.- 33.5 Moulting Control.- 34 Cuticle: Ecological Significance.- 34.1 General Functions-An Overview.- 34.2 The Waterproofing Barrier.- 34.3 Cuticular Lipids and Transpiration.- 34.4 The Cuticle and Water Vapour Absorption.- 35 Cuticle and Insecticides.- 35.1 Introduction.- 35.2 Experimental Techniques.- 35.3 Cuticular Structure.- 35.4 Aspects of Penetration by Insecticides.- IX Arthropod-Related Phyla.- 36 Onychophora.- 36.1 Introduction.- 36.2 The Cuticle.- 36.3 The Epidermis.- 36.4 The Epidermal Glands.- 36.5 The Sensilla.- 37 Pentastomida.- 37.1 Introduction.- 37.2 The Cuticle.- 37.3 The Gland Cells and Ionocytes.- 37.4 The Sensilla.- 38 Tardigrada.- 38.1 Introduction.- 38.2 Integument.- 38.3 Integument and Anhydrobiosis.- 38.4 Encystation.- 38.5 Integument and Systematics.- 38.6 Conclusion.- X Minor Coelomate Phyla.- 39 Lophophorates.- 39.1 Introduction.- 39.2 Phoronida.- 39.3 Bryozoa.- 39.4 Brachiopoda.- 39.5 Conclusions.- 40 Chaetognatha.- 40.1 Introduction.- 40.2 Pluristratified Epidermis.- 40.3 Monolayered Epidermis.- 40.4 Nervous System and Receptors.- 40.5 Conclusion.- XI Echinodermata.- 41 Epidermal Cells.- 41.1 Introduction and Definitions.- 41.2 Support Cells.- 41.3 Sensory Cells.- 41.4 Secretory Cells.- 41.5 Other Cell Types.- 41.6 Cuticle.- 41.7 Cell Proliferation and Epidermal Regeneration.- 41.8 Conclusion.- 42 Permeability and Epidermal Transport.- 42.1 Introduction.- 42.2 The Integument and Osmotic Balance.- 42.3 Absorption of Organic Molecules.- 42.4 Mechanisms of DOM Influx.- 42.5 Conclusions.- XII The Protochordates.- 43 Hemichordata.- 43.1 Introduction.- 43.2 Pterobranchia.- 43.3 Enteropneusta.- 44 Urochordata.- 44.1 Introduction.- 44.2 Ascidiacea.- 44.3 Thaliacea.- 44.4 Larvacea.- 45 Cephalochordata.- 45.1 Introduction.- 45.2 General Organization of the Integument.- 45.3 Epidermis.- 45.4 Cutis and Subcutis.- 45.5 Development and Regeneration.- Index to Genera.