Encyclopedia of Stress

Encyclopedia of Stress (eBook)

eBook Download: EPUB
2007 | 2. Auflage
3000 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-0-08-054796-1 (ISBN)
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1.610,00 inkl. MwSt
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Like the first edition, the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Stress covers nearly every conceivable aspect and ramification of stress including a wide range of related topics such as neuroimmune interactions, cytokines, enzymatic disorders, effects on the cardiovascular system, immunity and inflammation, and physical illnesses. Over the last decade, scientists have presented convincing research showing that psychological stress increases vulnerability to disease. They now understand more clearly that stress may be the thread tying together illnesses that were previously believed to be unrelated. Bone loss, increased abdominal fat, and damaged memory cells in the hippocampus have been linked to elevated cortisol levels.

Building on the success of the first edition, this completely revised work surveys the vast amount of research generated in the past five years, resulting in a substantial revision with over 30% new material and over 100 new entries. Expanded sections include Animal Studies, Anxiety and Depression, Drugs, Depression, Disasters, and Psychological and Other Therapies.

Also available online via ScienceDirect (2007) – featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com.

* Timely update on the topic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder taking into account events such as terrorism and middle east wars
* Includes expanded coverage on anxiety and depression
* Incorporates entries on the advances in our knowledge of immunology, cytokines and cell mediated immunity involved in stress responses and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Type I diabetes
Like the first edition, the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Stress covers nearly every conceivable aspect and ramification of stress including a wide range of related topics such as neuroimmune interactions, cytokines, enzymatic disorders, effects on the cardiovascular system, immunity and inflammation, and physical illnesses. Over the last decade, scientists have presented convincing research showing that psychological stress increases vulnerability to disease. They now understand more clearly that stress may be the thread tying together illnesses that were previously believed to be unrelated. Bone loss, increased abdominal fat, and damaged memory cells in the hippocampus have been linked to elevated cortisol levels. Building on the success of the first edition, this completely revised work surveys the vast amount of research generated in the past five years, resulting in a substantial revision with over 30% new material and over 100 new entries. Expanded sections include Animal Studies, Anxiety and Depression, Drugs, Depression, Disasters, and Psychological and Other Therapies. Also available online via ScienceDirect (2007) - featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com. Timely update on the topic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder taking into account events such as terrorism and middle east wars Includes expanded coverage on anxiety and depression Incorporates entries on the advances in our knowledge of immunology, cytokines and cell mediated immunity involved in stress responses and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Type I diabetes

Chapter 267: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children

Traumatic Events

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children: Clinical Picture

Prevalence and Developmental Course

Demographic Trends

Factors that Precipitate Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children

Assessing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 268: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder – neurobiological basis for

General Considerations

Physiological Measures

Brain Imaging

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 269: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Neurobiology of

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Biology and Phenomenology

Animal Models for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide Systems Involved in Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Effects of Stress on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

Concluding Remarks

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 270: Psychotic Disorders

Stress in Psychotic Disorders: Conceptual Framework

Stressful Life Events and Psychosis

Natural Disasters and Psychotic Disorders

Expressed Emotion as a Stressor

Treatment as Protection against Stress and Psychosis

Glossary

Chapter 271: Revenge Fantasies

Biological Issues

Social Issues

Psychological Issues

Treatment Issues

Conclusion

See Also the Following Articles

Chapter 272: Schizophrenia

Introduction

Schizophrenia: Definition and Etiology

The Effects of External Stressors: Expressed Emotion and Life Events

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis and Schizophrenia

Stress, Early Development, and Schizophrenia: Neurobiological Findings

Treatment Implications of the Vulnerability-Stress Model of Schizophrenia: Psychosocial Treatment Strategies

Conclusion

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 273: Sexual Assault

Prevalence of Traumatic Events and Sexual Assault

Psychological Sequelae of Sexual Assault

Treatment of Sexual Assault-Related PTSD

Predictors of PTSD

Conclusion

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 274: Sexual Offenders

General Considerations

Definitional Considerations

Treatment of Sex Offenders

Concluding Remarks

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 275: Social support in trauma

Social Support and Traumatic Events

Fluctuating Social Support in Times of Crisis

Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 276: Stress of Self Esteem

The Role of Personality in the Perception of Stress

The Importance of Self-esteem and Locus of Control in the Perception of Stress

Endocrinological Evidence for the Role of Self-esteem and Locus of Control in the Perception of Stress

The Hippocampus as a Possible Mediator of the Relationship between Self-esteem, Locus of Control, and Stress

Conclusion: Personality Variables, Brain Structures, and Stress Responses in a Developmental Context

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 277: Suicide, Biology of

Introduction

A Model for Understanding Suicidal Behavior

Stressors: Triggers for Suicidal Behavior

Risk Factors Influencing the Threshold for Suicidal Behavior

Summary

Glossary

Chapter 278: Trans-sexualism

Introduction and Definitions

Childhood Experiences of Transsexual People

Factors that Discourage Transition

The Transition Process

Hormonal and Surgical Changes

Health Effects of Stress for Transsexual People

Religion and the Transsexual Person

Violence and Fear

Intimacy and the Transsexual Person

Aging and Death and the Transsexual Person

Conclusion

Glossary

Chapter 279: Violence

Types of Biological Influences

Summary

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Immunology, Infection and Inflammation

Chapter 280: Antibody Response

What Is an Antibody Response?

Stress Proteins as Antigens

Stress and Antibody Response in Animals

Stress and Antibody Response in Humans

Stress, Antibodies, and Human Disease

Conclusions

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 281: Autoimmunity

How Can an Autoimmune Disease Be Initiated and How Can Stress Contribute to the Process?

If Stress Suppresses Immune Function, How Does Stress Predispose to the Development of Autoimmune Disease?

The Relationship of Stress to Specific Autoimmune Diseases

Summation

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 282: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropeptides – role in inflammation

The Corticotropin Releasing Factor Family of Neuropeptides and Their Receptors

The Inflammatory Response

Corticotropin Releasing Factor Peptides and Immune Cells

Corticotropin Releasing Factor Peptides Modulate Inflammation at a Local Paracrine Level

Corticotropin Releasing Factor Antagonists as New Therapeutic Agents of Inflammatory Diseases

See also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 283: Cytokines

Relationships between Stress and Immunity

Impact of Stress and Behavior on Cytokine Expression

Impact of Cytokines on Stress and Behavior

Summary

Glossary

Chapter 284: Cytokines, Stress, and Depression

Introduction

Psychological Stress and Activation of the Endocrine System

Stress and the Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors

Depression and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis

The Chronic Effects of Stress: Depression and Neurotoxicity

Changes in Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Depression

Conclusion

See Also the Following Article

Glossary

Chapter 285: Cytotoxic Lymphocytes

Types of Cytotoxic Effector Cells

Mechanisms of Target Cell Killing

Effects of Stress Hormones on Cytotoxic Lymphocytes

Effects of Stress on Cytolytic Lymphocytes

Stress, Cytotoxic Lymphocytes, and Human Diseases

See Also the Following Article

Glossary

Chapter 286: Herpesviruses

Introduction

Virology

Immunobiology and Recurrent Disease

Stress and Herpesvirus Reactivation

Conclusion

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 287: HIV Infection/AlDS

Stress Associated with Initial Testing for HIV

Stress Associated with the Presence of HIV Disease

Stress for Family and Friends of HIV-Infected Individuals

Stress for the Health-Care Team

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 288: Immune Cell Distribution, Effects of Stress on

Introduction

Stress

The Immune System

Stress-Induced Changes in Blood Leukocytes

Hormones Mediating a Stress-Induced Decrease in Blood Leukocytes

A Stress-Induced Decrease in Blood Leukocyte Numbers Represents a Redistribution Rather than a Destruction or Net Loss of Blood Leukocytes

Target Organs of a Stress-Induced Redistribution of Blood Leukocytes

Stress-Induced Redistribution of Blood Leukocytes

Conclusion

See Also the Following Articles

Glossary

Chapter 289: Immune Function, Stress-lnduced Enhancement of

Stress

The Immune System

General Assumption: Stress Suppresses Immune Function and is Detrimental to Health – Reasons for Modifying This General Assumption

Studies Showing Stress-Induced Enhancement of Immune Function

Functional Implications

The Stress Spectrum Hypothesis

Conclusion

Glossary

Chapter 290: Immune Response

Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

Recognition of Pathogens and Other Antigens

Generation of the Immune Response

The Anatomy of the Immune Response

Protective Immune Response

Avoidance of Harmful Immune Responses

Neuroendocrine–Immune Interactions

See Also the Following...

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