Review Questions for MRI (eBook)
364 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-118-53597-4 (ISBN)
** New revised second edition now available, with errors corrected and content fully updated ** The second edition of the classic text has been revised and extended to meet the needs of today s practising and training MRI technologists who intend to sit for the American Registry of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists (ARMRIT) examination. It provides Q&As on topics listed in the content specifications offered by the American Registry for Radiologic Technologists (AART) and offers the user with a comprehensive review of the principles and applications of MRI to prepare them for the examination.
Carolyn Kaut Roth, RT (R)(MR)(CT)(M)(CV) FSMRT, is a registered radiographer, who majored in physics at the University of Pennsylvania and received a clinical Master's degree (MSc) in Magnetic Resonance for Radiographers at Anglia Polytechnic Cambridge United Kingdom. She has served on MRI Educational Task forces for The American Council for Education with the Department of Education for the Federal Government of the United States. She is currently the CEO of Imaging Education Associates, which is an education services company serving the medical imaging industry with a focus on continuing education programs for radiographers. William H. Faulkner, Jr., B.S.,R.T.(R)(MR)(CT) is MRI Education and Operations Consultant, William Faulkner Associates.
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction xi
Part A Patient Care in MRI
Bioeffects, Safety, and Patient Care 1
General patient care
1. Legal and ethical principles
2. Patient assessment, monitoring, and management
3. Interpersonal communications
4. Infection control
Special contributions to General Patient Care category have been provided by: Joy M. Fox, BS RT (R)(M)(QM)(CT) Faculty, Imaging Education Associates
MRI screening and safety
Introduction 1
Part A: Questions 7
Part A: Answers 44
Part B Imaging Procedures
Clinical Applications, Enhancement Agents, Cross-Sectional Anatomy 61
1. MRI of the head and neck
2. MRI of the spine
3. MRI of the thorax
4. MRI of the abdomen and pelvis
5. MRI of the musculoskeletal system
Introduction 61
Part B: Questions 64
Part B: Answers 209
Part C Data Acquisition and Processing
Image Parameters, Pulse Sequences, Spatial Localization, and Image Quality 245
1. Pulse sequences
2. Data manipulation
3. Special procedures
4. Sequence parameters and options
Introduction 245
Part C: Questions 248
Part C: Answers 284
Part D Physical Principles of Image Formation
MR Physics, Basic, Intermediate and Advanced Physics, Tissue Characteristics, Image Quality, and Types of MR Magnets, Coils, and Peripheral Equipment 299
1. Instrumentation
2. Fundamentals
3. Artifacts
4. Quality control
Introduction 299
Part D: Questions 302
Part D: Answers 330
MRI calculations 343
Glossary of terms and abbreviations 345
"This is a great tool that MRI technologists could use as a trial run for the examination. This is the best type of review book, since it mimics the format of the actual exam. It also would be helpful for seasoned MRI technologists who want to remain fresh in this ever-advancing field." (Doody's, 5 July 2013)
Part B
Imaging Procedures
Clinical Applications, Enhancement Agents, Cross-Sectional Anatomy
Introduction
Although imaging protocols vary with facility, there are a number of aspects of clinical imaging that are universal. Despite slight procedural variations, the fundamental components are basically the same, including T1-weighted images (usually acquired to evaluate anatomy) and T2-weighted images (usually acquired for pathology). Also, when small anatomy is to be imaged, high-resolution imaging is required [small field of view (FOV), thin slice thickness, and/or high imaging matrix]. Such fundamental parameters are of importance to most practicing technologists.
MRI procedure questions make up roughly 30% of the examination.
Part B offers review questions that pertain to cross-sectional anatomy, physiology, clinical imaging (including parameters and options, coil selection, positioning, and landmark), and contrast enhancement (dose, administration, effects on the image).
Type of study | Focus of questions |
1. Head and Neck a. Brain b. Internal auditory canal c. Pituitary d. Orbit e. Soft tissue neck f. Angiography g. Spectroscopy h. fMRI 2. Spine a. Cervical b. Thoracic c. Lumbo-sacral 3. Thorax a. Brachial plexus b. Cardiac c. Breast d. Mediastinum e. Angiography 4. Abdomen a. Liver, spleen, pancreas b. Kidneys, adrenals c. Peritoneum, retroperitoneum d. Biliary e. Angiography 5. Pelvis a. Female pelvis b. Male pelvis 6. Musculoskeletal a. Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) b. Upper extremities
c. Lower extremities
| Questions about each of the studies listed on the left may focus on any of the following factors: 1. Anatomy and physiology
2. Contrast
3. Patient positioning
|
MRI of the Head and Neck
Although protocols vary from site to site, there are general protocols that are used for brain imaging in MRI. A typical brain protocol includes: three-plane localizer (or scout), sagittal T1WI, axial T2WI, axial FLAIR imaging, and diffusion imaging. If the patient is imaged for “specialized” imaging of the head [such as the internal auditory canals (IACs) or pituitary], high resolution would be acquired for the visualization of smaller structures associated with the pituitary gland and/or within the IACs.
Questions 1–137 concern the head and neck.
MRI of the Spine
MRI spine protocols vary from site to site, but there are general protocols that are used for spine imaging in MRI. A typical spine protocol includes: three-plane localizer (or scout), sagittal T1WI (high resolution), sagittal T2WI (high resolution), axial T1 and T2*, and 3D gradient echo imaging. If the patient is imaged for “specialized” imaging of the spine, contrast-enhanced imaging would be acquired for the visualization of enhancing lesions and/or the postoperative lumbar spine.
Questions 138–194 concern the spine.
MRI of the Thorax
MRI thorax (chest, heart, vasculature, and breast) protocols vary from site to site, but there are general protocols that are used for thorax imaging in MRI. A typical thorax protocol includes: three-plane localizer (or scout), coronal T1WI (high resolution), axial T1 and T2, and 3D gradient echo imaging (with contrast enhancement for vasculature and breast lesions).
Questions 195–285 concern the thorax.
MRI of the Abdomen and Pelvis
MRI abdomen protocols vary from site to site, but there are general protocols that are used for abdomen imaging in MRI. A typical abdomen protocol includes: three-plane localizer (or scout), coronal T1WI or T2W axial T2WI, and axial T1W gradient echo imaging acquired in-phase and out-of-phase. Additional abdominal imaging includes 3D gradient echo imaging (with contrast enhancement for visceral and/or vasculature lesions). Most abdominal imaging is acquired with breath-hold rapid imaging and/or respiratory triggering techniques to reduce the motion artifact caused by breathing.
Questions 286–435 concern the anatomy and imaging procedures for visceral structures, including the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, adrenals, stomach, and bowel.
MRI of the Musculoskeletal System
MRI musculoskeletal protocols vary from site to site, but there are general protocols that are used for musculoskeletal imaging in MRI. A typical musculoskeletal protocol includes: three-plane localizer (or scout) and three planes (sagittal, axial, coronal – to the plane of the joint acquired with oblique imaging) acquired with both T1 and T2 contrast. Also, most facilities will acquire a STIR sequence in the plane that best demonstrates the anatomy and/or pathology of interest.
Questions 436–596 concern the anatomy and imaging procedures for musculoskeletal structures, including the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ), shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, ankle, and foot.
Part B: Questions
MRI of the Head and Neck
a. Axial imaging plane |
b. Sagittal imaging plane |
c. Coronal imaging plane |
d. Off-axis (oblique) imaging plane |
a. T1-weighted image |
b. T2-weighted image |
c. Spin (proton) density-weighted image |
d. T2*-weighted image |
e. None of the above |
a. Short TR and short TE |
b. Short TR and Long TE |
c. Long TR and Long TE |
d. Long TR and short TE |
a. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
b. Subcutaneous fat |
c. Superior sagittal sinus |
d. Frontal sinus |
a. White matter |
b. Gray matter |
c. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
d. Flowing blood |
a. Frontal lobe |
b. Parietal lobe |
c. Occipital lobe |
d. Temporal lobe |
a. White matter |
b. Gray matter |
c. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
d. Bone |
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 28.1.2013 |
---|---|
Sprache | englisch |
Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Allgemeines / Lexika |
Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Radiologie / Bildgebende Verfahren ► Radiologie | |
Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie | |
Schlagworte | Gesundheits- u. Sozialwesen • Health & Social Care • Medical Science • Medizin • Radiographie • radiography • Radiologie u. Bildgebende Verfahren • Radiology & Imaging |
ISBN-10 | 1-118-53597-9 / 1118535979 |
ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-53597-4 / 9781118535974 |
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