Exercise and Cognitive Function (eBook)

Professor Terry McMorris, University of Chichester, UK Dr Phillip Tomporowski, University of Georgia, USA Professor Michel Audiffren, University of Poitiers, France

Exercise and Cognitive Function 1
Contents 7
Preface 11
Contributors 13
PART 1 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 15
1 Acute exercise and psychological functions: a cognitive-energetic approach 17
1.1 Varieties of exercise effects on psychological variables 18
1.2 The cognitive psychology approach 23
1.3 The energetic approach 25
1.4 Exercise effects and cognitive-energetic models 28
1.5 Sensorimotor and cognitive functions affected by exercise 38
1.6 Limits of the cognitive-energetic approach and future perspectives 47
1.7 Conclusion 53
2 Exercise and cognitive function: a neuroendocrinological explanation 55
2.1 Catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine as brain neurotransmitters 55
2.2 How exercise induces increases in brain concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, cortisol and 5-hydroxytryptamine 57
2.3 Exercise, catecholamines, cortisol and cognition: research 64
2.4 Task type 73
2.5 Discussion 77
2.6 Developing a neuroendocrinological model for an interaction between exercise and cognition 81
3 The transient hypofrontality theory and its implications for emotion and cognition 83
3.1 Clearing the ground 85
3.2 Exercise-induced transient hypofrontality 87
3.3 Implications for emotion 93
3.4 Implications for cognition 95
3.5 Reconceptualizing the existing data in the field 101
4 Methodological issues: research approaches, research design, and task selection 105
4.1 Research approaches 106
4.2 Research design issues 113
4.3 Task selection issues 120
4.4 Conclusions and recommendations 126
PART 2 ACUTE EXERCISE AND COGNITION 129
5 Exercise, dehydration and cognitive function 131
5.1 Exercise-induced dehydration and cognitive function 133
5.2 Discussion 142
5.3 Conclusions 148
6 Exercise, nutrition and cognition 149
6.1 Fatigue and limits to human performance 150
6.2 Assessing the effects of exercise and nutrition on cognitive performance 152
6.3 Nutrition, exercise and cognitive performance 156
6.4 Micronutrients, exercise and cognitive performance 159
6.5 Nutritional ergogenic aids and cognitive performance 161
6.6 Integration of research observations 162
6.7 Challenges in research 164
6.8 Conclusion 165
7 A chronometric and electromyographic approach to the effect of exercise on reaction time 167
7.1 Research 170
7.2 Conclusion 173
8 Acute aerobic exercise effects on event-related brain potentials 175
8.1 Executive control 177
8.2 Neuroelectric measurement 178
8.3 Event-related brain potentials during exercise 179
8.4 Event-related brain potentials following exercise 184
8.5 Future directions and conclusions 191
9 Exercise and decision-making in team games 193
9.1 Designing a decision-making test 194
9.2 Research results 197
9.3 Ecological validity and future research 203
9.4 Implications for team games players and coaches 206
10 Blood glucose and brain metabolism in exercise 207
10.1 Cerebral metabolism during exercise 208
10.2 Cerebral oxygenation 216
10.3 Cerebral metabolism 217
10.4 Acute hypoglycemia 223
10.5 Conclusions 223
10.6 Future research 224
Acknowledgements 224
PART 3 CHRONIC EXERCISE AND COGNITION 225
11 An integrated approach to the effect of acute and chronic exercise on cognition: the linked role of individual and task constraints 227
11.1 The gap between acute and chronic exercise research 227
11.2 Individual constraints on the acute exercise--cognition relationship: the role of chronic exercise effects 229
11.3 Effect of physical fitness: links to exercise intensity and to the time relation between physical exercise and cognitive task 232
11.4 Effect of cognitive expertise: links to cognitive task complexity, exercise intensity and duration, and age 233
11.5 Effect of motor coordination skills: links to physical exercise complexity, intensity and duration 237
11.6 Bridging the gap between acute and chronic exercise studies 239
12 Chronic exercise and cognition in older adults 241
12.1 Theoretical underpinnings 242
12.2 Empirical evidence 244
12.3 Moderators of the relationship 259
12.4 Practical conclusions 259
12.5 Challenges 260
12.6 Future research 261
13 Exercise and cognition in children 263
13.1 Definition of terms 263
13.2 Literature review 264
13.3 The Medical College of Georgia study 268
13.4 Potential mechanisms 276
13.5 Summary and recommendations for future research 280
14 Chronic exercise and developmental disabilities 283
14.1 Defining terms 283
14.2 Research investigating the effects of exercise on cognition among the developmentally disabled 286
14.3 Problems to address and future research considerations 293
14.4 Practical applications and conclusions 296
15 Chronic exercise in brain diseases 299
15.1 Observational studies of physical activity 300
15.2 Physical activity intervention studies 302
15.3 Physical activity, cognition and different types of dementia 312
15.4 Role of vascular disease 316
15.5 Neurodegenerative disease, nitric oxide, vascular disease and physical activity 319
15.6 Final conclusion 319
PART 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 321
16 Summary and direction for future research 323
16.1 Summary: emerging theoretical approaches 323
16.2 Summary of research results 326
16.3 Future theoretically driven research 328
16.4 Future applied research 330
16.5 General summary 331
References 333
Index 389

"A text brimming with new research in the field and practical
suggestions for application and future research. ... Discussion
of the methodologies and protocols presented should generate
considerable interest. ... I found the text to be a worthwhile
addition to my library." (PsycCRITIQUES, February
2010)