Abbreviation List

A number of abbreviations and acronyms are used throughout the book and are defined within the text. However, for the ease of the reader, these abbreviations and acronyms are listed below.

1H-MRS    proton MRS

2-DG    2-deoxyglucose

3D    three-dimensional

3DTI    three-dimensional T1-weighted DTI

5-HT    5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)

5-HTTR or HTT    5-HT transporter

11C-PiB    N-methyl-[11C]2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole

123I-IBZM    123I-benzamide, dopamine D2 ligand

Aβ    β-amyloid; Aβ1–42

AAL    Automatic Anatomic Labeling

ACC    anterior cingulate cortex

ACG    anterior cingulate gyrus

AD    Alzheimer disease

ADAS-cog    Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale

ADAS-J-cog    Japanese version of the ADAS-cog

ADC    Apparent diffusion coefficient

ADCS    Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium Study

AddNeuroMed    Innovative Medicines Initiative, consortium to find a biomarker for Alzheimer disease

ADI-R    Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised

ADNI    Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

AEP    auditory evoked potential

AFNI    analysis of functional neuroimages

AH    allostatic hypotheses

AIBL    Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle (Flagship Study of Ageing)

AIR    automatic image registration

aMCI    amnestic mild cognitive impairment

AMPT    alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine

ANOVA    analysis of variance

ApoE    apolipoprotein E, APOE ε4 allele

APP    amyloid precursor protein

APTD    Acute Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Depletion

ASD    autistic spectrum disorders

ASL    arterial spin labeling

ATP    adenosine triphosphate

ATR    antidepressant treatment response

AUC    area under the curve

AV-45    Florbetapir or Amyvid

AVLT    auditory verbal learning test

B0    main static magnetic field

B1    magnetic field associated with radiofrequency pulse

BA25    Brodmann Area 25

BAL    blood alcohol level

BBSI    brain boundary shift integral

BDNF    brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BLSA    Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

BOLD    blood oxygenation level dependent

BP    binding potential

BSI    boundary shift integral

CAA    cerebral amyloid angiopathy

CAMD    Coalition Against Major Diseases

CASL    continuous ASL

CBF    cerebral blood flow

CBV    cerebral blood volume

CDFE    cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy

CDR    Clinical Dementia Rating

CDR-sb or CDR-SOB    CDR sum of boxes subtest

CERAD    Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease

CHMP    Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use

Cho    Choline

CMRglc    cerebral metabolic rate for glucose

CMRO2    cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen

CNR    contrast-to-noise

CNS    central nervous system

CNTNAP2    contactin-associated protein-like 2

COMT    catechol-O-methyltransferase

CORT    corticosterone

Cr    creatine

CREB    cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein

CS    conditioned stimulus

CSF    cerebrospinal fluid

CT    computed tomography, also X-ray computed tomography

DA    dopamine

dACC    dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

DAT    dopamine transporter

DDNP    1,1-dicyano-2-[6-(dimethylamino)-2-naphthalenyl]propene

DEAF-1    deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1

DISC1    disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1

DLPFC    dorsolateral PFC

DMN    default mode networks

DMPFC    dorsomedial PFC

DS    dorsal striatum

DSM-IV-TR    Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision

DTI    diffusion tensor imaging

DVR    distribution volume ratio(s)

DW-MRI    diffusion weighted MRI

ECT    electroconvulsive therapy

EEG    electroencephalography

EMA    European Medicines Agency

EPI    echo-planar imaging

ERD    event-related desynchronization

ERP    event related potential

ERS    event-related synchronization

EtOH    ethanol

FA    fractional anisotropy

FAQ    functional activities questionnaire

FBP    filtered back projection

FDA    US Food and Drug Administration

FDDNP    (2-(1-{6-[(2-fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene) malononitrile)

FDG    18F-flurodeoxyglucose

fMRI    functional MRI

FMRP    fragile X mental retardation protein

FOV    field of view

FT    Fourier transform

FTD    frontotemporal dementia

FTLD    frontotemporal lobar degeneration

FXS    fragile X syndrome

GABA    γ-aminobutyric acid

GABRA2    α2 GABA receptor subunit

GBD    glutamate-based depression

GD    gestational day

Gln    glutamine

Glu    glutamate

Glx    glutamate/glutamine mix

GM    gray matter

GMP    Good Manufacturing Practices

GWAS    genome-wide association studies

HAD    high alcohol drinking rat

HASTE    half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo

Hb    oxygenated hemoglobin

dHb    deoxygenated hemoglobin

HC    healthy control

HCV    hippocampal volume

HIF-1    hypoxia-inducible factor 1

HOC    hippocampal occupancy

HPA    hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

IACC    Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee

ICA    independent component analysis

ICC    intraclass correlations

IFN    interferon

IGT    Iowa Gambling Task

IMI    Innovative Medicines Initiative

IQ    intelligence quotient

LAD    low alcohol drinking rat

IAPS    international affective picture series

LCGU    local cerebral glucose utilization

LDA    linear discriminant analysis

LDAEP    loudness dependence of the auditory evoked...