Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Jens-Volker Kratz is Professor of Nuclear Chemistry at Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany. He also obtained his degrees in Chemistry at this University, followed by a postdoc at Berkeley with Glenn T. Seaborg. Before moving back to Mainz, he worked as a Group Leader between 1974 and 1982 at GSI in Darmstadt. He has served as a member and chair of a number of scientific committees and is editor of Radiochimica Acta. He has received numerous prices, including the Otto Hahn Award.

Preface

VOLUME ONE

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
The Atom
Atomic Processes
Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus
Nuclear Decay Types
Some Physical Concepts Needed in Nuclear Chemistry

RADIOACTIVITY IN NATURE
Discovery of Radioactivity
Radioactive Substances in Nature

RADIOELEMENTS AND RADIOISOTOPES AND THEIR ATOMIC MASSES
Periodic Table of the Elements
Isotopes and the Chart of Nuclides
Nuclide Masses and Binding Energies
Evidence for Shell Structure in Nuclei
Precision Mass Spectrometry

OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI
Nuclear Radii
Nuclear Angular Moments
Magnetic Dipole Moments
Electric Quadrupole Moments
Statistics and Parity
Excited States

THE NUCLEAR FORCE AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
Nuclear Forces
Charge Independence and Isospin
Nuclear Matter
Fermi Gas Model
Shell Model
Collective Motion in Nuclei
Nilsson Model
The Pairing Force and Quasi-Particles
Macroscopic-Microscopic Model
Interacting Boson Approximation
Further Collective Excitations: Coulomb Excitation, High-Spin States, Giant Resonances

DECAY MODES
Nuclear Instability and Nuclear Spectroscopy
Alpha Decay
Cluster Radioactivity
Proton Radioactivity
Spontaneous Fission
Beta Decay
Electromagnetic Transitions

RADIOACTIVE DECAY KINETICS
Law and Energy of Radioactive Decay
Radioactive Equilibria
Secular Radioactive Equilibrium
Transient Radioactive Equilibrium
Half-Life of Mother Nuclide Shorter than Half-Life of Daughter Nuclide
Similar Half-Lives
Branching Decay
Successive Transformations

NUCLEAR RADIATION
General Properties
Heavy Charged Particles (A>=1)
Beta Radiation
Gamma Radiation
Neutrons
Short-Lived Elementary Particles in Atoms and Molecules

MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
Activity and Counting Rate
Gas-Filled Detectors
Scintillation Detectors
Semiconductor Detectors
Choice of Detectors
Spectrometry
Determination of Absolute Disintegration Rates
Use of Coincidence and Anticoincidence Circuits
Low-Level Counting
Neutron Detection and Measurement
Track Detectors
Detectors Used in Health Physics

STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
Distribution of Random Variables
Probability and Probability Distributions
Maximum Likelihood
Experimental Applications
Statistics of Pulse-Height Distributions
Setting Upper Limits When No Counts Are Observed


TECHNIQUES IN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Special Aspects of the Chemistry of Radionuclides
Target Preparation
Measuring Beam Intensity and Fluxes
Neutron Spectrum in Nuclear Reactors
Production of Radionuclides
Use of Recoil Momenta
Preparation of Samples for Activity Measurements
Determination of Half-Lives
Decay-Scheme Studies
In-Beam Nuclear Reaction Studies

VOLUME TWO

NUCLEAR REACTIONS
Collision Kinematics
Coulomb Trajectories
Cross-Sections
Elastic Scattering
Elastic Scattering and Reaction Cross-Section
Optical Model
Nuclear Reactions and Models
Nuclear Reactions Revisited with Heavy Ions

CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TRANSMUTATIONS
General Aspects
Recoil Effects
Excitation Effects
Gases and Liquids
Solids
Szilard-Chalmers Reactions
Recoil Labeling and Self-Labeling

INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL BONDING ON NUCLEAR PROPERTIES
Survey
Dependence of Half-Lives on Chemical Bonding
Dependence of Radiation Emission on the Chemical Environment
Mössbauer Spectrometry

NUCLEAR ENERGY, NUCLEAR REACTORS, NUCLEAR FUEL, AND FUEL CYCLES
Energy Production by Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fuel and Fuel Cycles
Production of Uranium and Uranium Compounds
Fuel Elements
Nuclear Reactors, Moderators, and Coolants
The Chernobyl Accident
Reprocessing
Radioactive Waste
The Natural Reactors at Oklo
Controlled Thermonuclear Reactors
Nuclear Explosives

SOURCES OF NUCLEAR BOMBARDING PARTICLES
Neutron Sources
Neutron Generators
Research Reactors
Charged-Particle Accelerators

RADIOELEMENTS
Natural and Artificial Radioelements
Technetium and Promethium
Production of Transuranic Elements
Cross-Sections
Nuclear Structure of Superheavy Elements
Spectroscopy of Actinides and Transactinides
Properties of Actinides
Chemical Properties of the Transactinides

RADIONUCLIDES IN GEO- AND COSMOCHEMISTRY
Natural Abundances of the Elements and Isotope Variations
General Aspects of Cosmochemistry
Early Stages of the Universe
Synthesis of the Elements in the Stars
The Solar Neutrino Problem
Interstellar Matter and Cosmic Radiation

DATING BY NUCLEAR METHODS
General Aspect
Cosmogenic Radionuclides
Terrestrial Mother/Daughter Nuclide Pairs
Natural Decay Series
Ratios of Stable Isotopes
Radioactive Disequilibria
Fission Tracks

RADIOANALYSIS
General Aspects
Analysis on the Basis of Inherent Radioactivity
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
Activation by Charged Particles
Activation by Photons
Special Features of Activation Analysis
Isotope Dilution Analysis
Radiometric Methods
Other Analytical Applications of Radiotracers
Absorption and Scattering of Radiation
Radionuclides as Radiation Sources in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XFA)
Analysis with Ion Beams
Radioisotope Mass Spectrometry

RADIOTRACERS IN CHEMISTRY
General Aspects
Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Bonding
Reaction Mechanisms in Homogeneous Systems
Reaction Mechanisms in Heterogeneous Systems
Diffusion and Transport Processes
Emanation Techniques

RADIONUCLIDES IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
Survey
Application in Ecological Studies
Radioanalysis in the Life Sciences
Application in Physiological and Metabolic Studies
Radionuclides Used in Nuclear Medicine
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Labeled Compounds

TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES AND NUCLEAR RADIATION
Radiotracer Techniques
Absorption and Scattering of Radiation
Radiation-Induced Reactions
Energy Production by Nuclear Radiation

RADIONUCLIDES IN THE GEOSPHERE AND THE BIOSPHERE
Sources of Radioactivity
Mobility of Radionuclides in the Geosphere
Reactions of Radionuclides with the Components of Natural Waters
Interactions of Radionuclides with Solid Components of the Geosphere
Radionuclides in the Biosphere
Speciation Techniques with Relevance for Nuclear Safeguards, Verification, and Applications

DOSIMETRY AND RADIATION PROTECTION
Dosimetry
External Radiation Sources
Internal Radiation Sources
Radiation Effects in Cell
Radiation Effects in Humans, Animals, and Plants
Non-Occupational Radiation Exposure
Safety Recommendations
Monitoring of the Environment

APPENDIX
Glossary
Physical Constants
Conversion Factors
Relevant Journals
Web References