Urbanization and Sustainability (eBook)

Contents: 1. Urbanization and Sustainability: The ‘Why’ and ‘How’ of Linking Urban Ecology, Environmental Justice, and Global Environmental Change 1.1 Introduction1.2 Progress so Far: A Landscape of Thematic Linkages1.3 Towards a Synthesis1.4 Structure of the Book1.5 References  2. What is a City? An Essential Definition for Sustainability2.1 Introduction2.2 Urban Definitions and Perspectives in the Social Science Literature 2.2.1 The City as an Entity2.2.2 The City as a Quality2.3 The Definition of Urban in the Environmental Change Literature2.4 New Trends in the Urban Ecosystem Literature2.5 Conclusion2.6 References  3. Ecology and Environmental Justice: Understanding Disturbance Using Ecological Theory3.1. Introduction3.2. Components of Environmental Justice3.3. Nature and Sources of Just Allocation3.4. Opportunities to Link Ecological Theory with Environmental Justice3.5. Spatially Heterogeneous Response and Ecological Effects of Stress and Disturbance3.6 Environmental Injustice Persists3.7. Theory Remembers3.8. Conclusions3.9 References  4. Connecting Environmental Justice, Sustainability, and Vulnerability4.1. Introduction4.2. An Evolving Environmental Justice4.3. Opportunities for Convergence4.4. Vulnerability Science as a Bridge4.5. Perspectives and Integration4.6. Conclusions4.7 References  5. Urban Ecology and Nature’s Services Infrastructure: Policy Implications of the Million Trees Initiative of the City of Los Angeles5.1. Introduction5.2. The Rise of Ecosystem Services as Green Urban Infrastructure5.3. From the Sanitary to the Sustainable City5.4. Equity, Economy, and Governmental Services5.5. Los Angeles Million Trees5.6. Serious Sustainability5.7. The Challenges of Shifting from a Sanitary City to a Sustainable City5.8. Conclusion5.9 References  6. Risky Business: Cap-and-Trade, Public Health, and Environmental Justice6.1. Introduction6.2. Data and Methods6.2.1 Preparing Facility Data6.2.2 Linking in Neighborhood Characteristics6.3. Results6.3.1 Existing Patterns of Environmental Inequity in Proximity to GHG Facilities6.3.2 Environmental Inequity in Emissions Burdens from GHG Facilities6.3.3 Measuring the Gap in Emissions Burdens6.3.4 Which Sectors are Driving the Pattern of Disparity?6.4. Conclusion: Implications for Policy and Research6.5 References  7. Urbanization, Environmental Justice and Social-Environmental Vulnerability in Brazil7.1 Introduction7.2 Landscape Changes and Population Dynamic: A Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Curitiba Between 1986 and 2000 (Case 1)7.3 Socio-Environmental Vulnerability in Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region (Case 2)7.4 Vulnerability to Floods in São Paulo Metropolitan Region: Human Dimensions, Conflicts and Urban Landscape Changes (Case 3)7.5 The Impacts of Sea Level Rise Associated with Heavy Rains in the Plains and Hillsides of Rio De Janeiro City (Case 4)7.6 Discussion7.7 References  8. Environmental Inequality in São Paulo City: An Analysis of Dif-Ferential Exposure of Social Groups to Situations of Environmental Risk 8.1 Introduction8.2 Urban Sprawl, Environmental Inequality and Vulnerability to Climate Change in São Paulo Metropolis: A Brief Review of the Literature8.3 Methodology8.4 Increase in Environmental Inequality for São Paulo: Differential Population Growth of the Social Groups Exposed to Situations of Environmental Risk8.5 Association Between Disadvantaged Socioeconomic Condition and Environmental Risk in São Paulo8.6 Discussion8.7 Concluding Remarks8.8 References   9. Climate Change Adaptation and Socio-Ecological Justice in Chile’s Metropolitan Areas: The Role of Spatial Planning Instruments9.1. Introduction: Adaptation as a Socio-Ecological Challenge9.2. The Economic Imperative: The Chilean Response to Climate Change9.3. Old Wine, New Bottles: Climate Change Vulnerability as Socio-Ecological Justice9.4. From Silos to Systems: Prioritizing the Role of Existing Spatial Planning Instruments9.5. Metropolitan Experiences of Localized Adaptation for Vulnerability Reduction9.5.1 Antofagasta: Distributing the Costs of the Water Deficit9.5.2 Valparaiso: A History of Precarious Settlement and Land-Slide Risk9.5.3 Greater Concepción: Creating Flood Risk Through Urban Expansion9.6. Conclusion: The ‘Re-Centering’ of Metropolitan Climate Change Adaptation in Chile9.7 References  10. Double Exposure in the Sunbelt: The Sociospatial Distribution of Vulnerability in Phoenix, Arizona10.1 Introduction10.2. Constructing Environmental Injustice in the Urban Core10.3. Suburban Expansion, “Sunbelt Apartheid,” and the Foreclosure Crisis10.4. Water and Growth10.5. Shifting Sociospatial Patterns of Vulnerability10.6 Conclusions10.7 References  11. Climate Change, Urban Flood Vulnerability and Responsibility in Taipei11.1. Introduction11.2. Geography and Vulnerability of Taipei11.3. Urban Flood Control and Land Use Planning in Greater Taipei11.3.1 A History of Flood Control Measures11.3.2 Land Use Regulations11.3.3 Minimal Coordination Between Land Use and Other Sectors11.4. Land Use, Institutions, and Vulnerability to Floods11.5. National and Local Climate Change Policies of Taiwan11.6. Conclusion11.7 References Index