Chemistry of High-Energy Materials (eBook)

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Thomas M. Klapötke, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.

1 Introduction 13
1.1 Historical Overview 13
1.2 New Developments 19
1.2.1 Polymer-Bonded Explosives 19
1.2.2 New High (Secondary) Explosives 21
1.2.3 New Primary Explosives 30
1.2.4 New Oxidizers for Solid Rocket Motors 33
1.3 Definitions 36
1.4 Combustion, Deflagration, Detonation – A Short Introduction 40
1.4.1 Fire and Combustion 40
1.4.2 Deflagration and Detonation 43
2 Classification of Energetic Materials 45
2.1 Primary Explosives 45
2.2 High (Secondary) Explosives 47
2.3 Propellant Charges 54
2.4 Rocket Propellants 56
2.4.1 Chemical Thermal Propulsion (CTP) 67
2.5 Pyrotechnics 68
2.5.1 Detonators, Initiators, Delay Compositions and Heat-Generating Pyrotechnics 68
2.5.2 Light-Generating Pyrotechnics 71
2.5.3 Decoy Flares 77
2.5.4 Smoke Munitions 83
2.5.5 Near-Infrared (NIR) Compositions 89
3 Detonation, Detonation Velocity and Detonation Pressure 91
4 Thermodynamics 95
4.1 Theoretical Basis 95
4.2 Computational Methods 101
4.2.1 Thermodynamics 101
4.2.2 Detonation Parameters 104
4.2.3 Combustion Parameters 108
4.2.4 Example: Theoretical Evaluation of New Solid Rocket Propellants 113
4.2.5 Example: EXPLO5 Calculation of the Gun Propellant Properties of Single, Double and Triple Base Propellants 120
5 Initiation 123
6 Experimental Characterization of Explosives 127
6.1 Sensitivities 127
6.2 Long-Term Stabilities 132
6.3 Insensitive Munitions 134
6.4 Gap Test 136
6.5 Classification 137
7 Special Aspects of Explosives 141
7.1 Shaped Charges 141
7.2 Detonation Velocities 147
7.3 Gurney Model 152
7.3.1 Example: Calculation of the Gurney Velocity for a General Purpose Bomb 157
8 Correlation between the Electrostatic Potential and the Impact Sensitivity 159
8.1 Electrostatic Potentials 159
8.2 Volume-Based Sensitivities 162
9 Design of Novel Energetic Materials 165
9.1 Classification 165
9.2 Polynitrogen Compounds 167
9.3 High-Nitrogen Compounds 172
9.3.1 Tetrazole and Dinitramide Chemistry 173
9.3.2 Tetrazole, Tetrazine and Trinitroethyl Chemistry 180
9.3.3 Ionic Liquids 185
9.4 Dinitroguanidine Derivatives 189
9.5 Co-Crystallization 191
9.6 Future Energetics 192
10 Synthesis of Energetic Materials 197
10.1 Molecular Building Blocks 197
10.2 Nitration Reactions 198
10.3 Processing 203
11 Safe Handling of Energetic Materials in the Laboratory 205
11.1 General 205
11.2 Protective Equipment 206
11.3 Laboratory Equipment 208
12 Energetic Materials of the Future 211
13 Related Topics 217
13.1 Thermobaric Weapons 217
13.2 Agent Defeat Weapons 219
13.3 Nanothermites 221
13.3.1 Example: Iron Oxide/Aluminum Thermite 227
13.3.2 Example: Copper Oxide/Aluminum Thermite 228
13.3.3 Example: Molybdenum Trioxide/Aluminum Thermite 229
13.4 Homemade Explosives 230
14 Study Questions 231
15 Literature 235
16 Appendix 245
Index 259

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"This book makes a nice addition to the shelf of everyone involved with energetic materials. As such it is recommended as a very useful reference for both students and experienced readers."
Ernst-Christian Koch in: Propellants Explosive Pyrotechnics 16/2011