Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses

1 Introduction.- 2 Source processes in the high-latitude ionosphere.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Ionospheric Context.- 2.3 Collisional Bulk Heating.- 2.4 Transverse Ion Energization.- 2.5 Parallel Acceleration of Ions and Electrons.- 2.6 Summary of Ion Outflows.- 2.7 Conclusions, Controversies and Open Questions.- 3 Processes leading to plasma losses into the high-latitude atmosphere.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Main loss processes.- 3.3 Polar Cap-Regions that May be on Open Field Lines.- 3.4 Precipitation from the Plasma Sheet.- 3.5 Where we stand today.- 4 Source and loss processes in the inner magnetosphere.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Physical Processes.- 4.3 Radiation Belts.- 4.4 Ring Current.- 4.5 Cold and Suprathermal Partides In the Inner Magnetosphere.- 5 Plasma transfer processes at the magnetopause.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Magnetic Reconnection.- 5.3 Finite Larmor Radius Effecte.- 5.4 Diffusion.- 5.5 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability.- 5.6 Impulsive Penetration.- 5.7 The Special Mole of the Cusp.- 5.8 Summary and Conclusions.- 5.9 Future Directions.- 6 Source and loss processes in the magnetotail.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Magnetotail Overview.- 6.3 Models.- 6.4 Observations.- 6.5 Data-Theory Closure.- 6.6 Alternate Scenarios.- 6.7 Summary and Remarks.- 7 Contribution of different source and loss processes to the magnetospheric plasma content.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Summary of Source Processes.- 7.3 Summary of Loss Processes.- 7.3. Ion Loss Through the Distant Tail.- 7.4 Balance Between Source and Loss Processes.- 8 Magnetospheric plasma sources and losses: future directions.- 8.1Introduction.- 8.2 Identification of Global Sources.- 8.3 Search for and Identification of Reconnection Site.- 8.4 Entry and Transport Processes.- 8.5 Mixing of the Solar Wind and Ionospheric Sources.- 8.6 Losses.- Appendix A/ Simulation models.- A.1 MHD models.- A.2 Basics of Large Scale Kinetic (LSK) Models.- Appendix B/ Diffusive Processes.- B.1 Basic Concepts.- B.2 Anomalous Diffusion.- Appendix C / List of symbols and conventions used.- Appendix D/ Abbreviations and Acronyms.