Marine Proteins and Peptides – Biological Activities and Applications

Se-Kwon Kim, PhD is a Senior Professor at the Department of Chemistry and director of Marine Bioprocess Research Center (MBPRC) at Pukyong National University in the Republic of Korea. He is the editor of the Handbook of Marine Macroalgae, also published by Wiley-Blackwell.

List of Contributors xxiii 1 Marine-derived Peptides: Development and Health Prospects 1 Se-Kwon Kim and Isuru Wijesekara 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Development of Marine Peptides 1 1.3 Health Benefits of Marine Peptides 2 1.4 Conclusion 3 References 3 2 Bioactive Proteins and Peptides from Macroalgae, Fish, Shellfish and Marine Processing Waste 5 Padraigin A. Harnedy and Richard J. FitzGerald 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Macroalgal, Fish and Shellfish Proteins: Potential Sources of Bioactive Hydrolysates and Peptides 5 2.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Macroalgal, Fish and Shellfish Processing Waste Proteins: Bioactive Protein Hydrolysates and Peptides 8 2.4 Endogenous Bioactive Peptides from Macroalgae, Fish and Shellfish 22 2.5 Bioactive Proteins from Macroalgae, Fish and Shellfish 22 2.6 Commercial Products Containing Marine-Derived Bioactive Protein Hydrolysates and Peptides 24 2.7 Conclusion 27 Acknowledgement 27 References 27 3 Lectins with Varying Specificity and Biological Activity from Marine Bivalves 41 Bishnu Pada Chatterjee and Mausumi Adhya 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Lectins 45 3.3 Isolation, Molecular Characterization and Carbohydrate Specificity of Bivalve Lectins 46 3.4 Biological Functions of Bivalve Lectins 60 Acknowledgement 63 References 63 4 Digestive Enzymes from Marine Sources 69 Juan Antonio, Noriega Rodr' guez, Ramiro Baeza Jim'enez and Hugo Sergio Garcia 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Biodiversity and Availability 70 4.3 Marine Biocatalysts 70 4.4 Digestive Enzymes 73 4.5 Lipases 78 4.5.3 Transglutaminase 80 4.6 Industrial Applications 81 References 83 5 Kamaboko Proteins as a Potential Source of Bioactive Substances 91 Takeshi Nagai, Yasuhiro Tanoue, Norihisa Kai and Nobutaka Suzuki 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Creation of Healthier and Safer Foods 94 5.3 Enzymatic Modification of Food Proteins 95 5.4 Kamaboko 95 5.5 Chemical Properties of Kamaboko 98 5.6 Expression of Health the Function of Kamaboko Proteins 98 5.7 Antioxidative Activities of Kamaboko Proteins 100 5.8 Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme-Inhibitory Activities of Kamaboko Proteins 104 5.9 Conclusion 108 References 108 6 Biological Activities of Fish-protein Hydrolysates 111 Irineu Batista 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors 111 6.3 Antioxidative Properties 116 6.4 Anticancer Activity 124 6.5 Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity 125 6.6 Calcium-Binding Peptides 125 6.7 Appetite Suppression 125 6.8 Anticoagulant Activity 126 6.9 Immunostimulant Activity 126 6.10 Hypocholesterolemic Activity 126 6.11 Hormone-Regulating Properties 127 6.12 Other Biological Activities 127 References 127 7 Biological Activities of Proteins and Marine-derived Peptides from Byproducts and Seaweeds 139 Maria Hayes 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Bioactive Peptides 140 7.3 Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 141 7.4 Isolation and Characterisation of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 141 7.5 Lectins 144 7.5.1 Isolation of Lectins 145 7.6 Phycobiliproteins 145 7.7 Other Amino Acids and Peptides Present in and Derived from Macroalgae 146 7.8 Membrane Processing 147 7.9 Bioactivities of Marine-derived Peptides inhibiting Proteases for Health 147 7.10 Heart-health Bioactive Peptides 148 7.11 Commercially Available Bioactive Peptides 156 7.12 Conclusion 156 References 159 8 Ability of Diverse Marine Invertebrate Lectins to Regulate Cell Functions 167 Yasuhiro Ozeki, Sarkar M. A. Kawsar, Yuki Fujii, Yukiko Ogawa, Shigeki Sugawara, Imtiaj Hasan, Yasuhiro Koide, Hidetaro Yasumitsu and Robert A. Kanaly 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Does a Feather Star Lectin have a Role in Regenerative Biology? 169 8.3 A Novel Lectin from the Mediterranean Mussel Induces Apoptosis and Glycosphingolipid Interaction 174 8.4 Downregulation of the Gene Expression of an ABC Transporter by a Novel Lectin-glycosphingolipid Pathway Involving a Suel-type Lectin Domain 176 8.5 Perspectives on Studies of Invertebrate Lectins and Their Diverse Properties 180 References 181 9 Routes in Innate Immunity Evolution: Galectins and Rhamnose-binding Lectins in Ascidians 185 Loriano Ballarin, Matteo Cammarata, Nicola Franchi and Nicolo Parrinello 9.1 Animal Lectins 185 9.2 Ascidians 185 9.3 Galectins 188 9.4 Rhamnose-binding Lectins 194 9.5 Conclusion 198 Acknowledgement 200 References 200 10 Production of Lactobacilli Proteinases for the Manufacture of Bioactive Peptides: Part I Upstream Processes 207 Dominic Agyei, Ravichandra Potumarthi and Michael K. Danquah 10.1 Introduction: Bioactive Peptides Production and Functionalities 207 10.2 Lactobacilli Metabolism 209 10.3 The Proteolytic System of The Lactobacilli 209 10.4 Sources of Proteases and Advantages of Microbial Proteases 211 10.5 Marine Lactobacilli 212 10.6 Proteinase Production Requirements 212 10.7 Effect of Fermentation Modes on Cell Growth and Proteinase Production 220 10.8 Cell Systems for Proteinase Production 222 10.9 Statistical Methods and Mathematical Models 222 10.10 Conclusion 223 Acknowledgement 223 References 223 11 Production of Lactobacilli Proteinases for the Manufacture of Bioactive Peptides: Part II Downstream Processes 231 Dominic Agyei, Ravichandra Potumarthi and Michael K. Danquah 11.1 Introduction: Cell Recovery 231 11.2 Isolation: Proteinase-extraction Methodologies 231 11.3 Purification of Enzymes 237 11.4 Enzyme Concentration and Storage 244 11.5 Characterisation of Proteinase 244 11.6 Solvent and Enzyme Engineering for Enhanced Stability and Specificity 247 11.7 Conclusion 247 References 247 12 Recovery of Proteins and their Biofunctionalities from Marine Algae 253 You-Jin Jeon and Kalpa Samarakoon 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Importance of Proteolytic Enzyme-assisted Extractions 254 12.3 Marine-algal Functional Proteins and Peptides with Bioactivity 255 12.4 Marine-algal Proteins: Potential Sources for Future Applications 261 12.5 Conclusion 264 References 265 13 Fish Gelatin: A Versatile Ingredient for the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries 271 Venkateshwarlu Gudipati 13.1 Introduction 271 13.2 Structural Features of Fish Gelatin 272 13.3 Improvement of Functional Properties 273 13.4 Applications in the Food Industry 274 13.5 Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry 284 13.6 Conclusion 287 References 288 14 Health Effects of Antioxidative and Antihypertensive Peptides from Marine Resources 297 Ida-Johanne Jensen, Karl-Erik Eilertsen, Hanne K. Maehre, Edel O. Elvevoll and Rune Larsen 14.1 Introduction 297 14.2 Antioxidative Peptides 298 14.3 Antihypertensive Peptides 307 14.4 Conclusion 313 References 313 15 Potential Novel Therapeutics: Some Biological Aspects of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 323 Ruvini Liyanage, Barana C. Jayawardana and Suranga P. Kodithuwakku 15.1 Introduction 323 15.2 Marine-derived Proteins and Biopeptides with Antihypertensive Activity 325 15.3 Anticancer Effects of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 333 15.4 Antiviral Bioactivities of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 338 15.5 The Future of Marine Peptides as Therapeutics 340 References 341 16 Hormone-like Peptides Obtained by Marine-protein Hydrolysis and Their Bioactivities 351 Oscar Martinez-Alvarez 16.1 Introduction 351 16.2 Growth Hormone-Release Peptides 352 16.3 Opioid-Like Peptides 353 16.4 Immunomodulating Peptides 357 16.5 Glucose Uptake-Stimulating Peptides 358 16.6 Secretagogue and Calciotropic Activities 359 16.7 Limitations on the use of Hormone-like Peptides as Nutraceuticals 360 16.8 Further Development and Research Needs 361 References 362 17 Antimicrobial Activities of Marine Protein and Peptides 369 Mingyong Zeng, Zunying Liu, Yuanhui Zhao and Shiyuan Dong 17.1 Introduction 369 17.2 Preparation, Purification and Characterization 370 17.3 In Vitro Antimicrobial Studies 373 17.4 Antimicrobial Mechanisms 375 17.5 Applications and Prospects in Food Preservation 378 17.6 Conclusion 380 References 380 18 Production and Antioxidant Properties of Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides 385 Tao Wang, Qiancheng Zhao and Qiukuan Wang 18.1 Introduction 385 18.2 Production of Antioxidant Peptides 386 18.3 Antioxidant Mechanism and Structure activity Relationship 392 18.4 Industrial Applications and Perspectives 400 References 401 19 Marine Peptides and Proteins with Cytotoxic and Antitumoral Properties 407 Joao Varela, Catarina Vizetto-Duarte, Luisa Custodio, Luisa Barreira and Fernando Albericio 19.1 Introduction 407 19.2 Current Pipeline of Oncological Drugs Based on Natural Products 407 19.3 Current Pipeline of Marine Peptides with Antitumoral Activity 408 19.4 Major Biological Sources of Marine Cytotoxic Peptides and Proteins 410 19.5 Structural Motifs in Cytotoxic Peptides 410 19.6 Cytotoxic Acyclic Peptides 416 19.7 Cytotoxic Cyclic Peptides 419 19.8 Cytotoxic (Poly)Peptides Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Seafood 420 19.9 Cytotoxic Polypeptides 421 19.10 Conclusion 421 19.11 Acknowledgments 422 References 422 20 ACE-inhibitory Activities of Marine Proteins and Peptides 431 Mingyong Zeng, Yuanhui Zhao, Zunying Liu and Shiyuan Dong 20.1 Introduction 431 20.2 Determination of ACE-inhibitory Peptide Activity 432 20.3 ACE-inhibitory Peptides from Marine Sources 433 20.4 Types of ACE-Inhibitor Peptide 435 20.5 Structure Activity Relationships of ACE-Inhibitory Peptides 435 20.6 Conclusion 437 References 437 21 Isolation and Biological Activities of Peptides from Marine Microalgae by Fermentation 441 BoMi Ryu and Se-Kwon Kim 21.1 Introduction 441 21.2 Utilization of Fermentation to Hydrolyze Protein 442 21.3 Microalgae As a Source of Protein 442 21.4 Metabolites of Proteolytic Hydrolysis by Fermentation 443 21.5 Hydrolyzed Microalgal Peptide Application 444 21.6 Conclusion 445 References 446 22 Antioxidant Activities of Marine Peptides from Fish and Shrimp 449 Mingyong Zeng, Shiyuan Dong, Yuanhui Zhao and Zunying Liu 22.1 Introduction 449 22.2 Production, Isolation, and Purification of Antioxidant Peptides 450 22.3 Methods Used to Measure Antioxidant Activity 453 22.4 Antioxidant Activity of Peptides 456 22.5 Antioxidant Mechanisms of Peptides 461 22.6 Applications and Prospects 462 References 464 23 Fish-elastin Hydrolysate: Development and Impact on the Skin and Blood Vessels 467 Eri Shiratsuchi, Misako Nakaba, Yasutaka Shigemura, Michio Yamada and Kenji Sato 23.1 Introduction 467 23.2 Starter Materials for Fish-elastin Hydrolysate 468 23.3 Preparation of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate 470 23.4 Impact of Ingestion of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate on Skin Conditions 471 23.5 Impact of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate on Blood Vessels 477 23.6 Safety of Skipjack-elastin Hydrolysate 479 23.7 Identification of Food-derived Elastin Peptide in Human Blood 480 23.8 Effect of Food-derived Elastin-peptide Pro-gly on Cells 482 23.9 Conclusion 483 References 484 24 Free Radical-scavenging Activity of Marine Proteins and Peptides 487 Dai-Nghiep Ngo 24.1 Introduction 487 24.2 Formation of Free Radicals and Methods of Assaying Antioxidant Activity 487 24.3 Free Radical-scavenging Activity of Marine Proteins and Peptides 491 24.4 Conclusion 494 References 494 25 Marine-derived Bioactive Peptides: Their Cardioprotective Activities and Potential Applications 499 M. Vijayakumar, A. Noorlidah, Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed, K. Priya and M. T. Rosna 25.1 Introduction 499 25.2 Cardiovascular Diseases and Nutraceuticals 500 25.3 Sources of Marine Peptides 500 25.4 Development of Marine Bioactive Peptides 502 25.5 Oxidative Stress 502 25.6 Antihypertensive Activity 503 25.7 Anticoagulant Activity 504 25.8 Conclusion 505 References 506 26 Biological Activities of Marine Bioactive Peptides 509 Dai-Hung Ngo, Thanh-Sang Vo and Se-Kwon Kim 26.1 Introduction 509 26.2 Physiological Properties of Marine Bioactive Peptides 510 26.3 Conclusion 517 Acknowledgement 517 References 518 27 Shark Fin Cartilage: Uses, Extraction and Composition Analysis 523 Chamila Jayasinghe 27.1 Introduction 523 27.2 History 523 27.3 Uses 524 27.4 Shark-fin Processing 525 27.5 Extraction of Elastoidin and Chondroitin Sulfate 526 27.6 Composition Analysis 526 References 530 28 Marine Bioactive Peptide Sources: Critical Points and the Potential for New Therapeutics 533 Ratih Pangestuti and Se-Kwon Kim 28.1 Introduction 533 28.2 Marine Bioactive Peptide Sources 534 28.3 Critical Points and the Potential for New Therapeutics 541 28.4 Conclusion 541 References 542 29 Applications of Marine-derived Peptides and Proteins in the Food Industry 545 D. M. Dilan Rasika, C. Senaka Ranadheera and Janak K. Vidanarachchi 29.1 Introduction 545 29.2 Marine-derived Proteins and Peptides Used in the Food Industry 546 29.3 Collagen and Gelatin 554 29.4 Extraction and Isolation of Marine-derived Proteins and Peptides 556 29.5 Food-related Applications of Marine-derived Proteins and Peptides 560 29.6 Conclusion 576 References 576 30 Processing and Industrial Aspects of Fish-scale Collagen: A Biomaterials Perspective 589 Santanu Dhara, Pallab Datta, Pallabi Pal and Soumi Dey Sarkar 30.1 Introduction 589 30.2 Structure and Composition of Collagen 589 30.3 Synthesis of Collagen 590 30.4 Type-I Collagen 591 30.5 Recombinant Collagen 593 30.6 Fish s Potential as an Alternative Source of Collagen 594 30.7 Emerging Applications of Type-I Collagen 613 30.8 Conclusion 621 Acknowledgement 622 References 622 31 Properties, Biological Advantages and Industrial Significance of Marine Peptides 631 Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed, M. Vijayakumar, R. Pallela, N. Abdullah, and R. M. Taha 31.1 Introduction 631 31.2 Marine-peptide Properties 633 31.3 Industrial Development of Marine Bioactive Peptides 634 31.4 Biological Applications of Marine Peptides 636 31.5 Conclusion 638 References 638 32 Muscle Proteins of Fish and Their Functions 641 Byul-Nim Ahn and Se-Kwon Kim 32.1 Introduction 641 32.2 Fish Muscles 641 32.3 Myoglobin and Myofibrillar Proteins of Fish Muscle 642 32.4 Sarcoplasmic Protein 643 32.5 Antifreeze Proteins 643 References 644 33 Marine-derived Collagen: Biological Activity and Application 647 W. M. Niluni Methsala Wijesundara and Buddika O. Malaweera 33.1 Introduction 647 33.2 Sources of Marine Collagen 650 33.3 Applications of Marine Collagen 652 References 660 34 Marine Antifreeze Proteins: Types, Functions and Applications 667 Sung Gu Lee, Jun Hyuck Lee, Sung-Ho Kang and Hak Jun Kim 34.1 Introduction 667 34.2 Types of Marine AFP 670 34.3 Preparation of Fish AFPS 677 34.4 AFP Applications 679 34.5 Conclusion 684 References 685 35 Antimicrobial Peptides in Marine Mollusks and their Potential Applications 695 Mahanama De Zoysa 35.1 Introduction 695 35.2 Characteristics of AMPS 696 35.3 Diversity of AMPS in Marine Mollusks 696 35.4 Applications of Mollusk-derived AMPS 703 References 704 36 Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides from Seafood and Crustacean Waste: Their Extraction, Bioactive Properties and Industrial Perspectives 709 Anil Kumar Anal, Athapol Noomhorm and Punchira Vongsawasdi 36.1 Introduction 709 36.2 Overall Chemical Composition of Seafood and Crustaceans 710 36.3 Extraction of Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides from Seafood and Crustacean Waste 713 36.4 Characterization of Fish-protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides 722 36.5 Functional and Bioactive Properties of Proteins and Peptides from Seafood and Crustacean Waste 724 36.6 Conclusion 729 References 730 37 Production and Health Effects of Peptides from Fish Proteins 737 Mahinda Senevirathne and Se-Kwon Kim 37.1 Introduction 737 37.2 Sources of Fish Peptides 738 37.3 Production of Fish Peptides 739 37.4 Health-promoting ability of fish peptides 740 37.5 Future Trends of Peptides from Fish Proteins 746 37.6 Conclusion 746 References 747 Index 753