Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology

ABOUT THE EDITORS Muralitharan Nair is Senior Lecturer in the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire,UK. Ian Peate is Professor of Nursing in the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, Middlesex, UK.

About the series xiv Contributors xv Acknowledgements xvii Copyright information xviii Preface xix How to get the best out of your textbook xx Features contained within your textbook xxii How to use the website xxiii Introduction xxiv Chapter 1 Cell and body tissue physiology 1 Anthony Wheeldon Introduction 2 Anatomy of the cell 2 The cell membrane 3 Cytoplasm 9 Nucleus 9 Mitosis and meiosis 10 The organelles 14 Types of cells 18 Tissues 19 Tissue repair 26 Conclusion 27 Activities 28 Glossary of terms 31 References 35 Chapter 2 Cancer 36 Carl Clare Introduction 38 Biology of cancer 39 Causes of cancer 42 Staging of cancers 46 Signs and symptoms of cancer 47 Treatment of cancer 48 Prevention of cancer 50 Examples of cancers 51 Conclusion 56 Activities 57 Further resources 60 Glossary of terms 60 References 64 Chapter 3 Infl ammation, immune response and healing 66 Janet G. Migliozzi Introduction 68 Infectious micro-organisms 68 Spread of infection 69 Types of infectious micro-organisms 73 The immune system 78 Organs, cells and proteins of the immune system 78 Infl ammatory response 84 Conclusion 86 Activities 87 Further resources 90 Glossary of terms 91 References 95 Chapter 4 Shock 96 Janet G. Migliozzi Introduction 98 Types of shock 99 Pathophysiology of shock 102 Stages of shock 103 Care of the patient in shock 105 Conclusion 107 Activities 109 Further resources 111 Glossary of terms 112 References 113 Chapter 5 The heart and associated disorders 114 Muralitharan Nair Introduction 116 Location of the heart 116 Structures of the heart 117 Blood fl ow through the heart 119 Conducting systems of the heart 120 Nerve supply of the heart 122 Diseases of the heart 123 Conclusion 135 Activities 136 Further resources 138 Glossary of terms 139 References 141 Chapter 6 The vascular system and associated disorders 142 Muralitharan Nair Introduction 144 Overview of blood vessels 144 Structure of the blood vessels 144 Blood pressure 149 Diseases of the blood vessels 150 Conclusion 168 Activities 169 Further resources 172 Glossary of terms 173 References 174 Chapter 7 The blood and associated disorders 176 Muralitharan Nair Introduction 178 Composition of blood 178 Properties of blood 178 Functions of blood 179 Plasma 180 Formed elements of blood 182 Haemostasis 187 Blood groups 188 Diseases of the blood 190 Conclusion 204 Activities 204 Further resources 206 Glossary of terms 207 References 209 Chapter 8 The renal system and associated disorders 210 Muralitharan Nair Introduction 212 The renal system 212 Disorders of the renal system 222 Conclusion 233 Activities 234 Further resources 236 Glossary of terms 237 References 239 Chapter 9 The respiratory system and associated disorders 240 Anthony Wheeldon Introduction 242 Anatomy and physiology 242 Disorders of the respiratory system 251 Conclusion 267 Activities 268 Further resources 269 Glossary of terms 270 References 274 Chapter 10 The nervous system and associated disorders 276 Janet G. Migliozzi Introduction 278 Structure of the nervous system 278 Disorders of the nervous system 286 Conclusion 299 Activities 300 Further resources 303 References 304 Glossary of terms 304 Chapter 11 The gastrointestinal system and associated disorders 306 Louise McErlean Introduction 308 Digestion 309 Structure of the gastrointestinal system 309 Accessory organs of digestion 320 Disorders of the digestive system 322 Conclusion 330 Activities 331 Further resources 334 Glossary of terms 335 References 337 Chapter 12 Nutrition and associated disorders 338 Muralitharan Nair Introduction 340 Macronutrients 340 Micronutrients 343 Nutritional requirements 345 Nutritional disorders 346 Conclusion 354 Activities 355 Further resources 358 Glossary of terms 359 References 360 Chapter 13 The endocrine system and associated disorders 362 Carl Clare Introduction 364 Hormones 366 The physiology of the endocrine glands 368 Disorders of the endocrine system 375 The pancreas 385 Conclusion 389 Activities 390 Further resources 392 Glossary of terms 392 References 395 Chapter 14 The reproductive systems and associated disorders 398 Ian Peate Introduction 400 Reproductive health 400 The pelvis 401 The female reproductive tract 402 The menstrual cycle 405 The female breast 407 Menstrual disorders 407 The male reproductive tract 416 Male reproductive disorders 418 Conclusion 423 Activities 423 Further resources 426 Glossary of terms 427 References 428 Chapter 15 Pain and pain management 430 Anthony Wheeldon Introduction 432 The physiology of pain 432 Pain classifi cation 439 The pain experience 440 Pain theories 440 Pain pathophysiology and management 442 Conclusion 458 Activities 459 Further resources 462 Glossary of terms 463 References 467 Chapter 16 The musculoskeletal system and associated disorders 470 Ian Peate Introduction 472 The musculoskeletal system 472 The nervous system 477 Assessing the patient with a musculoskeletal disorder 477 Disorders of the musculoskeletal system 479 Conclusion 491 Activities 493 Further resources 496 Glossary of terms 497 References 499 Chapter 17 Fluid and electrolyte balance and associated disorders 500 Ian Peate Introduction 502 Body fluid compartments 502 Composition of body fluid 502 Body fluid balance 504 Disorders associated with fl uid and electrolyte imbalance 510 Conclusion 519 Activities 520 Further resources 522 Glossary of terms 523 References 524 Chapter 18 The skin and associated disorders 526 Ian Peate Introduction 528 The anatomy and physiology of the skin 529 Disorders of the skin 536 Conclusion 548 Activities 549 Further resources 552 Glossary of terms 553 References 554 Chapter 19 The ear, nose and throat, and eyes, and associated disorders 556 Carl Clare Introduction 558 Physiology of the ear, nose and throat 558 Physiology of the eye 562 Disorders of the ear, nose and throat, and eye 564 Conclusion 577 Activities 578 Further resources 580 Glossary of terms 580 References 584 Appendix A Reference values in venous serum (adults) 586 Appendix B List of units 590 Index 591