Energy for a Sustainable World (eBook)

Nicola Armaroli got his PhD in chemical sciences in 1994 from the University of Bologna. After post-doctoral studies in the U.S. and Italy, in 1997 he joined the Italian National Research Council (CNR), where he his currently senior research scientist. He has published three books and over 150 papers, giving tens of lectures worldwide. His current research is concerned with the photochemistry and photophysics of coordination compounds, carbon nanostructures and supramolecular materials, with focus on luminescence and photoinduced energy- and electron-transfer. This work is of interest both in fundamental science and technological applications, such as solar energy conversion and lighting devices. Vincenzo Balzani gained his chemistry degree in 1960 from the University of Bologna, where he has been Professor of Chemistry since 1973. He has been a visiting Professor in Canada, Israel, France and Belgium, headed various scientific committees and institutes and has held over 300 lectures worldwide. Alongside his membership of several editorial boards, Prof. Balzani has six books and over 500 papers to his name. He is a fellow of numerous societies, and has won many awards around the world. His research interests include photochemistry, photophysics, supramolecular chemistry, electron transfer reactions, molecular-level devices and machines, molecular nanotechnology, and photochemical solar energy conversion.

Preface

PART I: Living on Spaceship Earth

THE ENERGY CHALLENGE
Our Spaceship Earth
An Unsustainable Growth in an Unequal World
Energy and Climate Crisis
Dealing with Change
Unavoidable Questions

CONCEPTS AND MISCONCEPTS
The Elusive Definition of Energy
A Taste of Basic Principles
Converting Primary Energy into Useful Energy
It Takes Energy to Make Energy: The EROI
Embodied Energy
Energy Units and Conversions
The Immense Energy and Power Scales
Some Energy Key Parameters
Energy Pervasiveness Versus Energy Illiteracy
Key Numbers: An Abacus for Energy Literacy

ENERGY IN HISTORY
Historia Magistra Vitae
Animal Power
Human Slaves and Energy Slaves
Waterwheels and Windwheels
From Wood to Coal
Steam-Powered Machines
Road Vehicles
Aircraft
Conventional Engines
Jet Engines
Electricity
Early Development
From Wayfarers to ICT

PART II: Fossil Fuels

OIL
What is Oil
Oil History, Exploration, Drilling, Production
Oil Transportation
Oil Refining
Oil Storage
Unconventional Oil
Petrochemicals
Oil as a Fuel
America's Addiction to Oil
Oil Price
Oil Peak and Reserves

NATURAL GAS
What is Natural Gas and Where It Comes From
Gas Properties and Definitions
Brief Historical Notes on Gas Exploitation
Gas Production, Consumption, and Reserves
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Natural Gas Processing
Transport, Storage, and Distribution
Gas Uses: Energy and Feedstock
Unconventional Gas

COAL
What is Coal
Coal Extraction
Coal Transportation and Industrial Uses
Coal Gasification
Coal Production, Consumption, and Reserves
Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

FOSSIL LEGACY
The Energy Dark Sides
Alteration of the Carbon Cycle by Fossil Fuel Combustion
Anthropogenic Climate Change
Air Pollution and Global Warming
Counterbalancing our Climate Influence
Putting a Limit to CO2
Air Pollution and Human Health
Land and Water Degradation
So, What?

PART III: Nuclear Energy

NUCLEAR ENERGY
Principles of Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Power from Nuclear Fission
Civilian Use of Nuclear Fusion?

PART IV: Renewable Energies

SOLAR ENERGY BASICS
The Origin of Sunshine
Solar Radiation and Attenuation
Abundant, Fairly Distributed, Vital
Sun's Limits: Dilution and Intermittency
The Conversion of Solar Energy: Heat, Fuels, Electricity

SOLAR HEAT AND ELECTRICITY
Passive Solar Harnessing in Buildings
Thermal Conversion: Unconcentrated Solar Flux
Thermal Conversion: Concentrated Solar Flux
The Birth and Rise of Photovoltaics
Inorganic Photovoltaics: Key Principles
Silicon Solar Cells
Thin Film Solar Cells
Organic Solar Cells
Concentrated Photovoltaics and Other Innovative Concepts
Photovoltaics: Global Installation and Market Trends
Solar Energy: Sustainable and Affordable

SOLAR FUELS
Introduction
Natural Photosynthesis
Biomass and Biofuels
Future Options for Transportation Fuels
Artificial Photosynthesis
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
The Solar Fuel Challenge

OTHER RENEWABLES
Hydroelectric Energy
Wind Energy
Ocean Energies
Geothermal Energy

PART V: Energy Carriers

ELECTRICITY
Basic Concepts
Illumination
Traditional Power Generation
Traditional Electricity Grid
Power Generation from New Renewables
Energy Storage for Electricity Supply Networks
Plugging-In Transportation
Smart Grid
Towards an Electricity Powered World

HYDROGEN
Introduction
Properties and Industrial Uses
Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier: The Scale of the Task
Methods for Producing Hydrogen
Hydrogen Storage
Hydrogen Transportation and Distribution
End Uses of Hydrogen Fuel
Hydrogen Powered Vehicles
Towards a Hydrogen Economy?

PART VI: Scenarios for a Sustainable Future

THE CHALLENGE AHEAD
Reflection on the State of Our Planet: Now We Know
Energy Demand and Supply
Energy and the Quality of Life
Saving the Climate
Phasing Out Fossil Fuels
Avoiding Nuclear Energy
Ecological Sustainability
Why We Need to Develop Renewable Energies
Conclusion

APPENDIX
Did You Know That...?