Photoacoustic, Photothermal and Photochemical Processes in Gases

1. Principles of Photoacoustic and Photothermal Analysis.- 1.1 Photoinduced Processes and Detection.- 1.2 Principles of Photoacoustics.- 1.3 Recent Advances and Developments.- 1.4 Summary and Outlook.- References.- 2. Theoretical Foundation of Photoacoustics in the Frequency and Time Domains.- 2.1 The Equations of Linear Gas Dynamics.- 2.2 Theory of the Cylindrical Optoacoustic Resonator.- 2.3 The Pulse Source Thermal Lens Effect.- 2.4 Thermal Recovery.- 2.5 Short Time-Scale Measurements.- 2.6 Improved Models for the Pulsed Source Thermal Lens.- 2.7 Optics of the Thermal Lens.- 2.8 Conclusions.- References.- 3. Thermal Lensing.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Experimental.- 3.3 Theory.- 3.4 Applications.- 3.5 Summary.- References.- 4. Spherical Acoustic Resonators.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Basic Theory.- 4.3 Steady-State Response.- 4.4 Wave Modes.- 4.5 Thermal and Viscous Boundary Layers.- 4.6 Precoundensation Effects.- 4.7 Bulk Dissipation and Relaxation.- 4.8 Shell Motion.- 4.9 Imperfect Spherical Geometry.- 4.10 Ducts and Slits in the Shell Wall.- 4.11 Measurement of the Speed of Sound.- 4.12 Thermophysical Information from the Speed of Sound.- References.- 5. Laser Excitation of Acoustic Modes in Cylindrical and Spherical Resonators: Theory and Applications.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Optical Excitation of Acoustic Modes.- 5.3 Experimental Method.- 5.4 Theory.- 5.5 Applications.- 5.6 Conclusions.- References.- 6. Application of the Photoacoustic Effect to Studies of Gas Phase Chemical Kinetics.- 6.1 Pulsed Excitation.- 6.2 Continuous Excitation.- 6.3 Nonlinear Effects.- 6.4 Chemical Amplification.- 6.5 Unimolecular Reactions.- 6.6 Direct Detection of Reactants and Products.- 6.7 Flames, Combustion, and Other Applications.- References.- 7. Atmospheric and Exhaust Air Monitoringby Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Basic Principles of Trace Gas Detection by Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.- 7.3 Experimental Arrangements for Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.- 7.4 Previous PA Studies on Trace Gases.- 7.5 Stationary CO-Laser PA System.- 7.6 Mobile CO2-Laser PA System.- 7.7 Conclusion.- References.- 8. Trace Detection in Agriculture and Biology.- 8.1 Photoacoustic Detection of Ethylene Production in Plants.- 8.2 Comparison of Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Transients in Spinach Leaves.- 8.3 Potentialities of Photoacoustic Sensing.- 8.4 Conclusion.- References.