An Ordering Concept on the Basis of Alternative Principles in Chemistry

1 Introduction.- 2 Characterization of Substituents by Patterns and Recognition of ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES.- 2.1 Correlation with the Parameter Sets ? and ? by Tolman.- 2.2 Systematic Variations at Tetrahedral Centers: A New Parameter Set ?.- 2.3 The Importance of the Representative Substituents -OMe/-SMe and -CMe3/-SiMe3.- 2.4 The Importance of P- and ?-parameter Sets for Pattern Comparison.- 2.5 The Importance of Compensation Phenomena.- 2.6 Further Characterization of Substituents by Pattern Comparison.- 2.7 Conformational Changes in Phenyl Systems.- 3 Examples of Absolute, Alternative Orders in Chemical Systems by Pairs and Alternating Classes of ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES.- 3.1 Examples for the Absolute, Alternative Effects by ACC/DO Heteroatoms.- 3.2 Separation of Main Group and Transition Metal Elements in Four Sectors (PSE-sectors).- 3.3 Errors of Logical Typing in DO/ACC Alternatives.- 3.4 The Alternative Principles EVEN/ODD.- 3.5 Aspects of Coupling Chemical Subsystems: The Alternative Principles OPEN/CYCLIC.- 3.6 The Metala-Logy Principle.- 3.7 The Principle of Alternative Positions.- 3.8 The Alternative Principles IONIC/COVALENT.- 4 Representation of Differentiation and Compensation of ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES.- 4.1 On the Definition of Paritetic and Complementary ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES and their Effects.- 4.2 Differentiation and Compensation of Two Pairs of AL lERNATIVE PRINCIPLES.- 4.3 Alternative Patterns by Classes of ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES.- 4.4 Symmetric/ Antisymmetric Coupling of Two Pairs of ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES.- 4.5 Representation in Hierarchically Ordered, Multi-dual Decision-trees.- 5 Representative Examples of Multi-dual Decision - Trees: A Generalization of Phase Relation Rules.- 5.1 The Control of Elimination Reactions by ALTERNATIVEPRINCIPLES.- 5.2 The Alternative Control of Knoevenagel Versus Michael Reaction of Mesityloxide.- 5.3 Control of Asymmetric Synthesis in a Metal-induced Ketone Synthesis.- 5.4 Influence on Structures and Processes in Transition Metal Complexes.- 5.5 A Comparison of the Catalytic Oligomerizations of Propanal.- 6 The Discontinuous Method of INVERSE TITRATION.- 6.1 Evidence in Support of Concentration Effects: A Summary.- 6.2 Examples for the Application of INVERSE TITRATION.- 6.3 Outlook and Unsettled Problems.- 7 Molecular Architecture: Some Definitions.- 7.1 Structure of the Whole System.- 7.2 Intermolecular SYSTEM ENLARGEMENT.- 7.3 Intramolecular SYSTEM ENLARGEMENT and VARIATION: Substitution of Hydrogen by Substituents and Carbon by Heteroatoms.- 7.4 Coupling of Subsystems.- 7.5 Symmetry Aspects in the Coupling of Chemical Subsystems.- 8 Models and Methods for the Understanding of Self-organization and Synergetics in Chemical Systems.- 8.1 The Ordering CONCEPT OF ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES in a Comprehensive Form.- 8.2 Some Statements to the Application of the CONCEPT OF ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES.- 8.3 Application of the CONCEPT OF ALTERNATIVE PRINCIPLES as Compensation Strategy.- 9 Information from Alternatives in Biochemistry.- 9.1 Alternative Information on Nucleic Acids and ?-Amino-Carboxylic Acids.- 9.2 Alternative Information at Bio-membranes.- 9.3 Chirality, an Error in Logical Typing.- 9.4 Restriction of the Number of Realizations in Evolved Systems.- 10 Acknowledgements and Petition.- 11 Appendix.- 12 References.- 13 Epilogue.