Pitch Determination of Speech Signals

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Voice Source Parameter Measurement and the Speech Signal.- 1.2 A Short Look at the Areas of Application.- 1.3 Organization of the Book.- 2. Basic Terminology. A Short Introduction to Digital Signal Processing.- 2.1 The Simplified Model of Speech Excitation.- 2.2 Digital Signal Processing 1: Signal Representation.- 2.3 Digital Signal Processing 2: Filters.- 2.4 Time-Variant Systems. The Principle of Short-Term Analysis.- 2.5 Definition of the Task. The Linear Model of Speech Production.- 2.6 A First Categorization of Pitch Determination Algorithms (PDAs).- 3. The Human Voice Source.- 3.1 Mechanism of Sound Generation at the Larynx.- 3.2 Operational Modes of the Larynx. Registers.- 3.3 The Glottal Source (Excitation) Signal.- 3.4 The Influence of the Vocal Tract Upon Voice Source Parameters.- 3.5 The Voiceless and the Transient Sources.- 4. Measuring Range, Accuracy, Pitch Perception.- 4.1 The Range of Fundamental Frequency.- 4.2 Pitch Perception. Toward a Redefinition of the Task.- 4.3 Measurement Accuracy.- 4.4 Representation of the Pitch Information in the Signal.- 4.5 Calibration and Performance Evaluation of a PDA.- 5. Manual and Instrumental Pitch Determination, Voicing Determination.- 5.1 Manual Pitch Determination.- 5.2 Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs).- 5.3 Voicing Determination — Selected Examples.- 6. Time-Domain Pitch Determination.- 6.1 Pitch Determination by Fundamental-Harmonic Extraction.- 6.2 The Other Extreme - Temporal Structure Analysis.- 6.3 The Intermediate Device: Temporal Structure Transformation and Simplification.- 6.4 Parallel Processing in Fundamental Period Determination. Multichannel PDAs.- 6.5 Special-Purpose (High-Accuracy) Time-Domain PDAs.- 6.6 The Postprocessor.- 6.7 Final Comments.- 7. Design andImplementation of a Time-Domain PDA for Undistorted and Band-Limited Signals.- 7.1 The Linear Algorithm.- 7.2 Band-Limited Signals in Time-Domain PDAs.- 7.3 An Experimental Study Towards a Universal Time-Domain PDA Applying a Nonlinear Function and a Threshold Analysis Basic Extractor.- 7.4 Toward a Choice of Optimal Nonlinear Functions.- 7.5 Implementation of a Three-Channel PDA with Nonlinear Processing.- 8. Short-Term Analysis Pitch Determination.- 8.1 The Short-Term Transformation and Its Consequences.- 8.2 Autocorrelation Pitch Determination.- 8.3 "Anticorrelation" Pitch Determination: Average Magnitude Difference Function, Distance and Dissimilarity Measures, and Other Nonstationary Short-Term Analysis PDAs.- 8.4 Multiple Spectral Transform ("Cepstrum") Pitch Determination.- 8.5 Frequency-Domain PDAs.- 8.6 Maximum-Likelihood (Least-Squares) Pitch Determination.- 8.7 Summary and Conclusions.- 9. General Discussion: Summary, Error Analysis, Applications.- 9.1 A Short Survey of the Principal Methods of Pitch Determination.- 9.2 Calibration, Search for Standards.- 9.3 Performance Evaluation of PDAs.- 9.4 A Closer Look at the Applications.- 9.5 Possible Paths Towards a General Solution.- Appendix A. Experimental Data on the Behavior of Nonlinear Functions in Time-Domain Pitch Determination Algorithms.- A.1 The Data Base of the Investigation.- A.2 Examples for the Behavior of the Nonlinear Functions.- A.3 Relative Amplitude RA1 and Enhancement RE1 of the First Harmonic.- A.4 Relative Amplitude RASM of Spurious Maximum and Autocorrelation Threshold.- A.5 Processing Sequence, Preemphasis, Phase, Band Limitation.- A.6 Optimal Performance of Nonlinear Functions.- A.7 Performance of the Comb Filters.- Appendix B. Original Text of the Quotations in Foreign LanguagesThroughout This Book.- List of Abbreviations.- Author and Subject Index.